What is nursing?<\/p>\n
Assist and coordinates care for individuals, families and communities to attain, recover, and maintain optimum health and function from birth to old age.\u00a0 Nurses act as a bridge between an often extremely vulnerable public and the health care resources that can literally make the difference between life, death, health and disease\/disability and well being and discomfort.\u00a0 It involves a wide range of activities from carrying out complicated technical procedures to something as simple as holding a hand.\u00a0 Nursing is a bleed of science and art.\u00a0 It is knowledge base for the care that is given, and the art of skilled application to help others maximum health and quality of life.<\/p>\n
The theory of animism attempted to explain the cause of mysterious changes in bodily functions.\u00a0 Good spirits brought health & evil spirits brought sickness and death.\u00a0 The roles of the physician and the nurse were separate and distinct.\u00a0 Physician-medicine man.\u00a0 The nurse usually was the mother who cared for her family during sickness by providing physical care and herbal remedies.<\/p>\n
With the Ancient Greeks, the temples became the centers for medical care because of the belief that illness was caused was caused by sin and the god’s displeasure.\u00a0 Nurse cared for sick in the home & community and as nurse-midwives.<\/p>\n
During the early Christian period, nurses had a more formal and more clearly defined roles.\u00a0 Women were deaconess visited the sick and members of male religious orders gave nursing orders.\u00a0 Nursing had developed a purpose, direction, and leadership.<\/p>\n
In the 16th century, western societies shifted from religious orientation to warfare exploration and expansion of knowledge.\u00a0 They used female criminals as nurses in lieu to jail time.\u00a0 This gave nursing a poor reputation.<\/p>\n
During the 19th to 21st centuries, schools of nursing, founded in connection with hospitals were established on the belief of Florence Nightingale.\u00a0 Hospitals saw an economic advantage in having their own schools, and most hospital schools, were organized to provide more easily controlled and less expensive staff. \u00a0Female nurses were under the control of male hospital administrators and physicians.<\/p>\n
WWII had an effect on nursing.\u00a0 The first time, large numbers of women worked outside the home.\u00a0 They became more independent and assertive.\u00a0 This led an increase role of education which broadened the role of nurses.\u00a0 After WWII education was upgraded.<\/p>\n
Nursing has broadened in all areas, including practice in a wide variety of health care setting the development of a specific body of knowledge, the conduct, and publication of nursing research, and recognition of the role of nursing in promoting health.\u00a0 Evidence based discipline has led to the growth of nursing as a professional discipline.<\/p>\n
The American Nursing Association defines nursing as “the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, and communities, and population.”\u00a0 (ANA, 2010)\u00a0 Nurses primary roles are caregiver, communicator, teacher and educator, counselor, leaders, researchers, advocate, and collaborator.<\/p>\n
The nursing aims and competencies to promote health, to prevent illness,\u00a0 to restore health, and to facilitate coping with disability or death.\u00a0 The method to promote health is by making referral for homecare for young women with newborn.\u00a0 To prevent illness by means literature or internet info on\u00a0 diet (healthy).\u00a0 The method of restoring health is by referring an abnormal finding to other healthcare provider.<\/p>\n
To achieve those aims, nursing blends cognitive, technical, interpersonal, and ethical\/legal.\u00a0 (QSEN = Quality & Safely Education for Nursing) competencies = patient centered care teamwork & collaboration, quality improvement, safety EBP and informatics.<\/p>\n
Health literacy is the ability of patients to obtain, process, and understand the basic information needed to make appropriate decisions about health.<\/p>\n
Nursing as a Professional Discipline:<\/p>\n
Health is a state of optimal functioning or well being.\u00a0 It is motivated by the desire to increase a person’s well-being and health potential.\u00a0 Prevention is “anticipatory action taken to prevent the occurrence of an event or to minimize its effects after it has occurred.\u00a0 Restore health encompass those traditionally considered to be the nurse’s responsibility.\u00a0 These focus on the individual with an illness and range from early detection of a disease to rehabilitation and teaching during recovery.<\/p>\n
Nursing as a professional discipline<\/p>\n
Educational preparation for Nursing practice<\/p>\n
Practical and vocational nursing education were established to teach graduates to give bedside nursing care to patients.\u00a0 They take the NCLEX as LPN.\u00a0 LPN works under direction of physician or RN to give direct care to patients, focusing on meeting health care needs in hospitals, long-term facilities, and home health agencies.<\/p>\n
Three types of RNs: Diploma, Associates, and Baccalaureate in Nursing.\u00a0 All of them will have to take NCLEX-RN.<\/p>\n
The two levels of Graduate Nursing are:\u00a0 Master’s and Doctoral.\u00a0 Nurses who have Masters usually work in educational settings, in managerial roles, as clinical specialists and in various advanced practice areas.\u00a0 Doctoral nurses usually work in academic advancement and organizational management research.<\/p>\n
Additional education can be acquired via continuing education credits and in-service education.\u00a0 Continuing education are those professional experiences designed to enrich the nurse’s contribution to health.\u00a0 Many employers offer what is called in service credit which is education and training for their employees.<\/p>\n
Guidelines for Nursing Practice<\/p>\n
Nursing Practice Acts are laws established in each state in the USA to regulate the practice of nursing.\u00a0 State board of nursing is responsible for regulating nursing practice.<\/p>\n
Traditional knowledge (subjective) is pass down from generation to generation.\u00a0 Authoritative knowledge (subjective) comes from an expert and is accepted as truth based on the person’s perceive expertise.\u00a0 Scientific knowledge is knowledge obtained through scientific method (implying thorough research).\u00a0 New ideas are tested and measured systematically using objective criteria.<\/p>\n
Types of Knowledge<\/p>\n
Historical Influences<\/p>\n
Florence Nightingale’s influenced nursing knowledge and practice by demonstrating efficient and knowledgeable nursing care, defining nursing practice as separate and distinct from medical practice and differentiating between health nursing and illness nursing.<\/p>\n
Nursing theory is composed of a group of concepts that describe a pattern of reality.\u00a0 Theories can be tested, changed, or used to guide research or to provide a base for evaluation.\u00a0 They are derived from deductive and inductive reasoning.\u00a0 Concepts, like ideas, are abstract impressions organized into symbols of reality.\u00a0 Describe objects, properties, and events and relationships among them.<\/p>\n
Benefits of Nursing Theory directs nurses toward a common goal, with ultimate outcome being improved patient care.\u00a0 It provides rational and knowledgeable reasons for nursing interventions, based on descriptions of what nursing and what nurses do.\u00a0 It gives nurses the knowledge base necessary for acting and responding appropriately in nursing care situations, provides a base for discussing ideally, helps resolve current nursing issues.\u00a0 In addition, it prepares nurses to question assumptions and values in nursing, thus further defining nursing and increasing the knowledge base, and identifies and defines interrelated concepts important in nursing and clearly states the relationship between and among these concepts.\u00a0 Finally, it helps resolve current nursing issues as well as serves research, education, and practice.<\/p>\n
Common concepts in Nursing theories are person (patient), environment, health and nursing.\u00a0 The most important is the person.<\/p>\n
Jean Watson (1979) developed theory of Human Caring\/Theory of Transpersonal Caring. Nursing is concerned with promoting and restoring health, preventing illness, and caring for the sick.\u00a0 Application – Clinical nursing care is holistic to promote, humanism, health, and quality of living.\u00a0 Caring is universal and is practiced through interpersonal relationships.<\/p>\n
Dorothea Orem (1971) developed Self-Care Deficient Theory.\u00a0 Self care is a human need, self-care deficits require nursing actions.\u00a0 Application-Nursing is a human service, and nurses design interventions to provide or to manage self-care actions for sustaining health or recovering from illness or injury.<\/p>\n
Nursing Research encompasses research to improve the care of people in the clinical setting as well as the broader study of people and the nursing profession, including studies of education, policy and development, ethics, and nursing history.\u00a0 It is fundamental to the recognition of nursing as a profession, and develop greater autonomy and strength as a profession.\u00a0 It develop greater autonomy and strength as a profession evidence based and helps find solutions to problems.<\/p>\n
Methods of Conducting Nursing Research<\/p>\n
Concepts of Health & Wellness<\/p>\n
Classifications of illness<\/p>\n
Assessing Chapter 11<\/p>\n
Assessing is the systematic and continuous collection, analysis, validation, and communication of patient data, or information<\/p>\n
Assessment \u2013 getting the fact<\/strong><\/p>\n Data reflect health functioning is enhanced by health promotion or comprised by illness\/injury.\u00a0 A database includes all the pertinent patient info collected by the nurse and other health care professionals.<\/p>\n Make judgment about the individual\u2019s health state, ability to manage his or her own need for self-care and need for nursing care.<\/p>\n Plan and deliver thoughtful, person-centered nursing care that draws on the individual\u2019s strength & promotes optimum functioning, independence, and well-being.<\/p>\n Refer the patient to a physician or other health care professional, if indicated.<\/p>\n The nurse makes ongoing assessments.<\/p>\n Nursing history <\/u><\/em>identifies the patient\u2019s health status, strengths, health problems, health risks, and need for nursing care.\u00a0 The nurse may also perform a nursing physical examination to collect data.<\/p>\n Other sources of patient info used by the nurse include the patient\u2019s family and significant others, the patient record, other health care literature.<\/p>\n It is imperative to use excellent critical thinking and clinical reasoning skills when gathering, analyzing, validating, and communicating data.\u00a0 Among the critical thinking activities<\/u> linked to assessment are:<\/p>\n Assessing systematically and comprehensively, using a nursing framework to identify nursing concerns and a body systems framework to identify medical concerns.<\/p>\n Detecting bias and determining the credibility of information sources<\/p>\n Distinguishing normal from abnormal findings and identifying the risks for abnormal findings<\/p>\n Making judgments about the significance of data, distinguishing relevant from irrelevant.<\/p>\n Identifying assumptions and inconsistencies checking accuracy, and reliability, and recognizing missing information<\/p>\n Your nursing assessments should have the following characteristics:\u00a0 purposeful, prioritized, complete, systematic, factual & accurate, relevant, recorded in a standard manner.<\/p>\n Assessment & Interpersonal Competence<\/strong><\/p>\n Make a lasting impression<\/p>\n Show respect<\/p>\n Have a genuine concern<\/p>\n Competence<\/p>\n Professionalism & care<\/p>\n The patient\u2019s initial impression of the nurse is crucial, especially with patients who are new to the healthcare environment.\u00a0 When the nurse communicates respect and genuine concern for the patient, the patient is encouraged to discuss health concerns and problems freely.\u00a0 The nurse\u2019s competence and professionalism as well as the interpersonal qualities of being respectful and caring invite the patient\u2019s confidence and assure the patient that help is available.<\/p>\n Nursing assessments include the comprehensive initial assessment<\/strong>, the focused assessment<\/strong>, emergency assessment<\/strong>, and the time-lapsed assessment<\/strong>.<\/p>\n The initial assessment<\/strong> is performed shortly after the patient is admitted to a health care agency or service.<\/p>\n In a focused assessment<\/strong>, the nurse gathers data about a specific problem that has already been identified.\u00a0 Focused assessment<\/strong> is to identify new or overlooked problems.<\/p>\n Emergency Assessment<\/strong> to identify life-threatening problems.<\/p>\n Time-lapsed Assessment<\/strong> is scheduled to care a patient\u2019s status to the baseline data obtained earlier.\u00a0 Can be comprehensive or focused?<\/p>\n Medical vs. Nursing Assessments<\/strong><\/p>\n Medical = pathologic conditions Establishing Assessment Priorities<\/strong><\/p>\n Health orientation, development stage, culture, need for nursing<\/p>\n Structuring Assessment<\/strong><\/p>\n Data must be structured systematically.\u00a0 Helps ensure the assessment is comprehensive and holistic.<\/p>\n Makes it easier with identifying nursing diagnosis.<\/p>\n A minimum data set \u2013 used by schools of Nursing.\u00a0 Gordon\u2019s framework identifies 11 functional health patterns and organizes patient data within these patterns<\/p>\n Collecting Data<\/strong><\/p>\n Objective what you see Objective = observable and measurable data that can be sources:\u00a0 client, family & significant others, patient record, assessment technology, other healthcare professionals & nursing & other healthcare literature<\/p>\n Methods of Data Collection<\/strong><\/p>\n Nursing history<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Physical assessment <\/strong>= head to toe<\/p>\n Physical assessment is the examination of the patient for objective data that may better define the patient\u2019s condition and help the nurse plan car<\/p>\n Identifying cues and making inferences<\/strong><\/p>\n A cue<\/em><\/strong> is something that may be wrong.\u00a0 The judgment about the cue is an inference.<\/p>\n Clarify inference by:<\/p>\n Physical exam<\/p>\n Clarifying statements<\/p>\n Checking your findings with research reports, textbooks, or journals<\/strong> sharing your inferences with other respected members of the team & seeking consensus-comparing cues to your knowledge base of normal function.\u00a0 Checking consistencies of cues.<\/p>\n Validation<\/strong> is the act of confirming or verifying.\u00a0 It is an important part of assessment because invalid information can lead to inappropriate nursing care.\u00a0 Data needs to be verified when there are discrepancies between what the person is saying and what you are observing.\u00a0 Data also need verification when they lack objectivity.\u00a0 You should validate the data before proceeding and should determine whether the patient does indeed have a problem.<\/p>\n Documentation of Data<\/strong><\/p>\n Data should be reported verbally immediately whenever assessment findings reveal a critical change in the patient\u2019s health status that necessitates the involvement of the other nurses or healthcare professionals.<\/p>\n The patient\u2019s initial database is entered into the computer or recorded in ink, using the designated agency protocol or the same day the patient is admitted to the agency.<\/p>\n Avoid the tendency to record data using nonspecific terms with different meanings or interpretations \u2013 words like adequate, good average, normal, poor, small, large.\u00a0 Always be specific.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Diagnosing Chapter 12<\/p>\n Diagnosing \u2013 <\/strong>the second step in the nursing process \u2013 begins after the nurse has collected and recorded the patient data.\u00a0 The purposes of diagnosing are to<\/p>\n Need Critical thinking skills to assess<\/p>\n Health problem<\/strong> is a condition that necessitates intervention to prevent or resolve disease or illness or t promote coping and wellness<\/p>\n Alfaro-Lefebvre lists the following as concerns that are central to your role as a nurse:<\/p>\n Recognizing safety and infection-transmission risks and addressing these immediately<\/p>\n Identifying human responses \u2013 how problems, signs, and symptoms, and treatment regimens impact on patients\u2019 lives \u2013 promoting optimum function, independence, and quality of life<\/p>\n Anticipating possible complications and taking steps to prevent them<\/p>\n Initiating urgent interventions \u2013 you do not want to wait to make a final diagnoses if there are signs and symptoms indicating the need for immediate treatment.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Predict, Prevent, Manage, and Promote (PPMP)<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 In the presence of known problems, predict the most common and most dangerous complications and take immediate action to<\/p>\n 2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Whether problems are present or not, look for evidence of risk factors (things the evidence of risk factors, you aim to reduce or control them, thereby preventing the problems themselves<\/p>\n 3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 In all situation, ensure that safety and learning needs are met, and promote optimum function & independence<\/p>\n Types of Diagnoses<\/p>\n Nursing diagnoses<\/u><\/strong> are written to describe patient problems or issues that nurses can treat independently, such as activity, pain, and comfort, and to issue integrity and perfusion problems.<\/p>\n Medical diagnosis:<\/u><\/strong>\u00a0 Describe problems for which the physician directs the primary treatment collaborative problems managed by using Physician \u2013 prescribed & nursing \u2013 prescribed interventions.<\/p>\n Medical vs. Nursing Diagnosis<\/p>\n Medical => indentify diseases, treated primarily by physician; diagnosis remains the same for as long as the diseases is present.<\/p>\n Nursing => focus on unhealthy responses to health & illness treated by nurses within scope of practice.\u00a0 It can change from day-to-day<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Examples of medical vs. nursing<\/p>\n Medical diagnoses \u2013 myocardial infarction (heart attack) Diagnostic Reasoning & Clinical Reasoning<\/p>\n Be familiar with nursing diagnoses and other health problems, read professional literature, and keep reference guides handy<\/p>\n Trust clinical experience and judgment, but be willing to ask for help when the situation demands more than your and experience can provide.<\/p>\n Respect your clinical intuition, but before writing a diagnosis without evidence, increase the frequency of your observations and intuition.<\/p>\n Recognize personal biases and keep an open mind.<\/p>\n Diagnostic Reasoning & Interpersonal Competency<\/p>\n Build trust, respect opinions, listen objectively<\/p>\n Recognizing significant data<\/p>\n Recognizing patterns or clusters<\/p>\n Identifying strengths & problems<\/p>\n Identifying potential complications<\/p>\n Reaching Conclusions<\/p>\n Reaching Conclusions<\/p>\n 1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 No problem<\/p>\n 2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Possible problem<\/p>\n 3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Actual or potential nursing diagnosis<\/p>\n 4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Clinical problem other than nursing diagnosis<\/p>\n Formulating and validating nursing diagnosis<\/p>\n Problem \u2013 identifies what is unhealthy about the patient, indicating the need for change (clear, concise, statement of the patient\u2019s health problem)<\/p>\n Etiology \u2013 identifies the factors that are maintaining the unhealthy state or response (contributing or causative factors)<\/p>\n Defining characteristics \u2013 identify the subjective and objective data that signal the existence of the problem (cues that reflect the existence of a problem)<\/p>\n Types of Nursing Diagnosis<\/p>\n Actual nursing diagnoses<\/u><\/strong> represent problems that have been validated by the presence of major defining characteristics<\/p>\n 1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Label \u2013 title<\/p>\n 2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Definition \u2013 a concise description of the problem<\/p>\n 3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Defining characteristics \u2013 subjective or objective data<\/p>\n 4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Related factors \u2013 something known to be associated with a specific health problem<\/p>\n Stating a Nursing Diagnosis<\/p>\n 1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 State the problem<\/p>\n 2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Use \u201crelated to\u201d to link the problem & its etiology (the cause or related (risk) factors)<\/p>\n 3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Give the signs & symptoms that show evidence that the diagnoses is present, using the words \u201cas evidenced by\u201d<\/p>\n Problem:\u00a0 Impaired Communication Validating Nursing Diagnoses<\/p>\n Is my patient database (assessment data) sufficient, accurate, and supported by nursing research?<\/p>\n Does my synthesis of data (significant cues) demonstrate the existence of a pattern?<\/p>\n Are they subjective and objective data I used to determine the existence of a pattern characteristic of the health problem I defined?<\/p>\n Is my tentative nursing diagnosis based on scientific nursing knowledge and clinical expertise?<\/p>\n Is my tentative nursing diagnosis able to be prevented, reduced, or resolved by independent nursing action?<\/p>\n Is my degree of confidence above 50% that other qualified practitioners would formulate the same the same nursing diagnosis based on my data?<\/p>\n Documenting Nursing Diagnoses<\/p>\n 1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 View the patient\u2019s ongoing risks and problems that others have identified and documented<\/p>\n 2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Decide on and document new nursing diagnoses based on the patient assessment findings<\/p>\n 3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Facilitate communication of the patient\u2019s actual problems with nurses and others on the care team<\/p>\n 4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Use nursing diagnosis to make decisions about what mutual goals the patient desires (patient outcomes) and what can be done (nursing interventions)<\/p>\n 5)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Determine and document when the nursing diagnoses (risks, health promotion, or actual problem) are resolved<\/p>\n Benefits of Nursing Diagnosis<\/p>\n The primary benefit of nursing diagnosis for the patient is the individualization of patient care.<\/p>\n Among the other benefits of nursing diagnoses for the profession is help in defining the domain of nursing for health care administrators, legislators, and other health care providers.\u00a0 This is important for seeking funding for nursing & reimbursements for nursing services<\/p>\n Limitations of Nursing Process<\/p>\n If used incorrectly, patient might be misdiagnosed and nursing practice might be restricted.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Common Errors in Writing Nursing Diagnosis<\/p>\n Writing the diagnosis in terms of needs and not response<\/p>\n Making legally inadvisable statements<\/p>\n Identifying as a problem a patient response that is not necessarily unhealthy<\/p>\n Identifying as a patient problem or etiology what cannot be changed<\/p>\n Identifying environmental factors as a problem<\/p>\n Reversing clauses<\/p>\n Having both clauses say the same thing<\/p>\n Including value judgments in the nursing diagnosis<\/p>\n Including the medical diagnosis in the diagnostic statement<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Sources of Errors When Writing Nursing Diagnosis<\/p>\n Premature diagnose based on an incomplete database<\/p>\n Erroneous diagnoses resulting from an inaccurate database or a faulty data analysis<\/p>\n Routine diagnoses resulting from the nurse\u2019s failure to tailor data collection & analysis to the unique needs of the patient<\/p>\n Errors of omission<\/p>\n Outcome Identification & Planning<\/p>\n Chapter 13<\/p>\n Goal of Outcome Identification and Planning Step<\/p>\n During the outcome identification and planning steps of the nursing process, the nurse works in partnership with the patient and family to:<\/p>\n Establish priorities<\/p>\n Identify and write expected patient outcomes<\/p>\n Select evidence-based nursing interventions<\/p>\n Communicate the plan of nursing care<\/p>\n Standards to Apply to Outcome Identification & Planning<\/p>\n The law \u2013 the state\u2019s nursing practice act<\/p>\n National practice standards \u2013 Outlined by the ANA<\/p>\n Specialty professional organization<\/p>\n The Joint Commission \u2013 accrediting agency<\/p>\n The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)<\/p>\n Your employer<\/p>\n Formal plan allows the nurse to:<\/p>\n Individualize care that maximizes outcome achievement<\/p>\n Set priorties<\/p>\n Facilitate communication among nursing personnel and their colleagues<\/p>\n Promote continuity of high-quality., cost effective care<\/p>\n Coordinate care<\/p>\n Evaluate the patient\u2019s responses to nursing care<\/p>\n Create a record that can be used for evaluation, research, reimbursement, and legal purposes<\/p>\n Promote the nurse\u2019s professional development<\/p>\n Outcome Identification, Planning, and Clinical Reasoning<\/p>\n Be familiar with standards and agency policies for setting priorities, identifying and recording expected patient outcomes, selecting evidence-based nursing interventions, and recording the plan of care<\/p>\n Remember that the goal of person-centered care is to keep the patient and the patient\u2019s interest and preferences central in every aspect to planning and outcome identification<\/p>\n Keep the \u201cbig picture\u201d in focus:\u00a0 What are the discharge goals for this patient, and how should this direct each shift\u2019s interventions?<\/p>\n Trust clinical experience and judgment but be willing to ask for help when the situation demands more than your qualifications and experience can provide; value collaborative practice<\/p>\n Respect your clinical intuitions, but before establishing priorities, identifying outcomes, and selecting nursing interventions, be sure that research supports your plan<\/p>\n Recognize your personal biases and keep an open mind<\/p>\n Three elements of Comprehensive Planning\u2019s<\/p>\n 1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Initial planning<\/em><\/strong> is performed by the nurse with the admission nursing history and physical assessment.\u00a0 This comprehensive plan addresses each problem listed in the prioritized nursing diagnoses and identifies appropriate patient goals and the related nursing care.\u00a0 This may be done before the initial database is complete<\/p>\n 2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ongoing planning <\/em><\/strong>is carried out by any nurse who interacts with the patient.\u00a0 Its chief purpose is to keep the plan up to date to facilitate the resolution of health problems, manage risk factors, and promote function.\u00a0 Its chief purpose is to keep the plan up to date to facilitate the resolution of health problems, manage risk factors, and promote function.\u00a0 States nursing diagnoses more clearly and develop new diagnoses.\u00a0 Makes outcomes more realistic and develops new outcome identifier<\/p>\n 3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Discharge planning<\/em><\/strong> is best carried out by the nurse who has worked most closely with the patient and family, possibly in conjunction with a nurse or social worker with a broad knowledge of existing community resources.\u00a0 Careful planning ensures that the nurse uses teaching and counseling skills effectively to help the patient and family develop sufficient knowledge of the health problem and the therapeutic regimen to carry out necessary self-care behaviors at home competently.<\/p>\n Prioritizing Nursing Diagnoses<\/p>\n High\u2013priority diagnoses pose the greatest threat to the patient. <\/p>\n Maslow\u2019s Hierarchy of Human Needs<\/p>\n 1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Physiologic needs<\/p>\n 2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Safety needs<\/p>\n 3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Love and belonging needs<\/p>\n 4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Self-esteem needs<\/p>\n 5)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Self-actualization needs<\/p>\n Clinical Reasoning and Establishing Priorities<\/p>\n 1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What problems need immediate attention and which ones can wait?<\/p>\n 2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Which problems are your responsibilities and which do you need to refer to someone else?<\/p>\n 3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Which problems can be dealt with by using standard plans (critical paths, standards of care)?<\/p>\n 4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Which problems aren\u2019t covered by protocols or standard plans but must be addressed to ensure a safe hospital stay and timely discharge (or simply safe care of high quality)?<\/p>\n When planning nursing care for each day, consider the following:<\/p>\n Long Term vs. Short Term Outcomes<\/p>\n Long-term outcomes require a longer period (usually more than a week) to be achieved than do short-term outcomes.\u00a0 They need discharge goals<\/p>\n Short term usually completed within a day<\/p>\n Institute of Medicine (IOM) six aims to be met by Health Care Systems<\/p>\n Ensuring Quality Outcomes<\/p>\n Safe: avoiding injury<\/p>\n Effective:\u00a0 avoiding overuse and underuse<\/p>\n Patient-centered: responding to patient preferences, needs, and values<\/p>\n Timely:\u00a0 reducing waits and delays<\/p>\n Efficient:\u00a0 avoiding waste<\/p>\n Equitable:\u00a0 providing care that does not vary in quality to all recipients<\/p>\n Using Cognitive, psychomotor, and affective outcomes<\/p>\n Cognitive outcomes describe increases in patient knowledge or intellectual behavior. Identifying clinical, functional, and quality-of-life outcomes The ANA direct the nurse to derive culturally appropriate expected outcomes from the diagnoses<\/p>\n Remember that nurses nurse people, not their problems.\u00a0 All goals should make sense in terms of the overall goals for the patient.<\/p>\n Writing Patient-Centered Measurable Outcomes<\/p>\n Outcomes should have the following:<\/p>\n Subject:\u00a0 patient or some part of the patient<\/p>\n Verb:\u00a0 indicates the action the patient will perform<\/p>\n Conditions:\u00a0 specifies the particular circumstances in or by which the outcome is to be achieved.<\/p>\n Performance criteria:\u00a0 describe in observable, measurable terms the expected patient behavior or other manifestations<\/p>\n Target time:\u00a0 specifies when the patient is expected to be able to achieve the outcome.<\/p>\n It is often helps to include special conditions when writing an outcome if this information is important for other nurses.<\/p>\n Memory jog:\u00a0 SMART<\/p>\n S \u2013 Specific Avoiding Common Errors in Outcomes<\/p>\n Expressing the patient outcome as a nursing intervention<\/p>\n Using verbs that are not observable and measurable<\/p>\n Including more than one patient behavior\/manifestation in short-term outcomes<\/p>\n Writing outcomes that are so vague that other nurses are unsure of the goal of nursing care.<\/p>\n o\u00a0\u00a0 Describe two new coping strategies he is will to try<\/p>\n o\u00a0\u00a0 Demonstrate decreased incidence of previously observed ineffective coping behaviors<\/p>\n Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) Identifies nursing interventions as \u201cany treatment based upon clinical judgment and knowledge that a nurse performs to enhance patient\/client outcomes<\/p>\n Nurse-Initiated Interventions<\/p>\n 1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Indentifying and selecting Appropriate Nurse-Initiated Interventions<\/p>\n 2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Individualizing Evidence-Based Interventions<\/p>\n 3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Recording Nurse-Initiated Interventions in the Patient Record<\/p>\n Nurse-initiated intervention is an autonomous action based on scientific rationale that a nurse executes to benefit the patient in a predictable way related to the nursing diagnosis and projected outcomes.<\/p>\n 1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Monitor patient health status and response to treatment<\/p>\n 2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Reduce risks<\/p>\n 3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Resolve, prevent, or manage a problem<\/p>\n 4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Promote independence with activities of daily living<\/p>\n 5)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Promote optimum sense of physical, psychological, and spiritual well-being<\/p>\n 6)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Give patients the information they need to make informed decisions and be independent<\/p>\n Identifying and selecting appropriate nurse-initiated interventions<\/p>\n Nursing Intervention Classification (NIC), the first comprehensive, validated list of nursing interventions applicable to all settings that can be used by nurses in multiple specialties, greatly facilitates the work of identifying appropriate interventions.\u00a0 13-2<\/p>\n Guidelines for selecting nursing interventions<\/p>\n Four key questions when determining individualized evidence-based interventions:<\/p>\n 1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What can be done to prevent or minimize the risks or causes of this problem?<\/p>\n 2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What can be done to manage the problem?<\/p>\n 3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 How can I tailor interventions to meet expected outcomes?<\/p>\n 4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 How likely are we to get desired versus adverse responses to the interventions, and what can we do to reduce the risks and increase the likelihood of beneficial responses?<\/p>\n Well-written nursing interventions accomplish the following:<\/p>\n Chapter 15 Evaluating<\/p>\n Evaluating allows achievement of outcomes; directs nurse-patient interactions; measures patient outcomes achievement; identifies factors to achieve outcomes; modifies the plan of care, if necessary.<\/p>\n The purpose of evaluation is to allow the patient\u2019s achievement of expected outcomes to direct future nurse-patient interactions.\u00a0 Based on the patient\u2019s responses to the plan of care, the nurse decides to:<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Four types of Outcomes<\/p>\n Evaluating<\/p>\n The five classic elements of evaluation are:<\/p>\n Identifying Evaluative Criteria and Standards<\/p>\n Criteria are measurable qualities, attributes, or characteristics that specify skills, knowledge, or health status.\u00a0 They describe acceptable levels of performance by stating expected behavior of nurse or patient<\/p>\n Standards are the levels of performance accepted by and expected of nursing staff or other health team members.\u00a0 They establish authority, custom, or consent.<\/p>\n Variables Affecting Outcome Achievement<\/p>\n Patient- Ex Patient gives up & refuses treatment Evaluative statements decide how well outcome was met (met, partially met, or not met); lists patient data or behaviors that support this decision.<\/p>\n Revisions in the plan of care<\/p>\n IOM\u2019s 10 New Rules to redesign and improve care:<\/p>\n The four steps for continuous improvement<\/p>\n Improving professional performance<\/p>\n The major premises of quality improvement are as follow<\/p>\n Determining Adequacy of Evaluation Step<\/p>\n Elements of Healthy Work Environments<\/p>\n Crucial Conversations in Healthcare<\/p>\n Chapter 21 Teacher and Counselor<\/p>\n Aims of teaching & counseling<\/p>\n Teaching Outcomes<\/p>\n Patient education focuses on three critical areas:<\/p>\n <\/p>\n T<\/strong>une into the patient Three domains of learning<\/p>\n Cognitive-storing and recalling of new knowledge in the brain Ask me three questions. Factors Affecting Patient Learning Critical Developmental Areas COPE Model<\/p>\n C<\/strong>reativity Assessment Parameters Promoting Patient and Family Compliance Providing Culturally Competent Patient Education<\/p>\n Develop an understanding of the patient\u2019s culture. Knowles four assumptions about learners<\/p>\n Teaching Plans for Older Adults Suggested teaching strategies for the three learning domains<\/p>\n Cognitive domain=lecture or discussion, panel discussion, discovery, audiovisual materials, printed materials, programmed instruction, computer-assisted instruction programs<\/p>\n Affective domain=role modeling, discussion, panel discussion, audiovisual materials, role playing, printed materials<\/p>\n Psychomotor domain=demonstration, discovery, audiovisual materials, printed materials<\/p>\n Key Points of Effective Communication<\/p>\n Be sincere & honest Sources of information are the patient as primary and all others as secondary (medical records, patient\u2019s family)<\/p>\n Considerations for successful patient teacher Nursing Coaching Process Evaluating Methods-Obtaining Feedback about Learning<\/p>\n Evaluating Teaching Documentation of the teaching-learning process includes a summary of the learning need, the plan, the implementation of the plan, and the evaluation results.<\/p>\n Make everyone feel comfortable in the situation and surroundings Types of Counseling<\/p>\n Short, long, and motivational interviewing<\/p>\n Cultural diversity is the differences among people.\u00a0 As nurses, one must be sensitive to provide care which crosses racial classification, national origin, religion, language, physical size, gender, sexual orientation, age, and disability.\u00a0 In addition, it crosses socioeconomic and occupational status and geographic location.<\/p>\n <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" What is nursing? Assist and coordinates care for individuals, families and communities to attain, recover, and maintain optimum health and function from birth to old age.\u00a0 Nurses act as a bridge between an often extremely vulnerable public and the health care resources that can literally make the difference between life, death, health and disease\/disability and […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":132804860,"featured_media":588,"parent":73,"menu_order":5,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-576","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/P9vUsN-9i","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":9158,"url":"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/es\/reference\/nursing-2\/","url_meta":{"origin":576,"position":0},"title":"Body & Grace","author":"myallaboutyou","date":"septiembre 20, 2025","format":false,"excerpt":"This section gathers resources from my nursing journey alongside reflections on diet, nutrition, and gentle fitness. It\u2019s a space for practical care and sacred stewardship\u2014where tending to the body becomes an act of gratitude and grace. Whether you're seeking clinical tools, wellness guides, or quiet encouragement, may these offerings support\u2026","rel":"","context":"Entrada similar ","block_context":{"text":"Entrada similar ","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/pexels-photo-6724448.jpeg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/pexels-photo-6724448.jpeg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/pexels-photo-6724448.jpeg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/pexels-photo-6724448.jpeg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/pexels-photo-6724448.jpeg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":73,"url":"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/es\/reference\/","url_meta":{"origin":576,"position":1},"title":"The Study","author":"myallaboutyou","date":"enero 11, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"Elegant private library with cherry wood shelves, leather-bound volumes, and a working fire \u2014 a room not for display, but for disciplined thought. The Study is the working room of the house.It is where craft, science, and stewardship meet. Here, knowledge is not collected for admiration but used for preservation.\u2026","rel":"","context":"Con 62 comentarios","block_context":{"text":"Con 62 comentarios","link":"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/es\/reference\/#comments"},"img":{"alt_text":"Elegant private library with cherry wood bookshelves, leather-bound books, rolling ladder, fireplace, and rich traditional furnishings.","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/The-Library-Craft-Care-Living-Tradition.png?fit=800%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/The-Library-Craft-Care-Living-Tradition.png?fit=800%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/The-Library-Craft-Care-Living-Tradition.png?fit=800%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/The-Library-Craft-Care-Living-Tradition.png?fit=800%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":2,"url":"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/es\/about\/","url_meta":{"origin":576,"position":2},"title":"\u2728 About All About You","author":"myallaboutyou","date":"diciembre 31, 2017","format":false,"excerpt":"All About You\u201d began as a quiet idea more than fifteen years ago\u2014a name born from a desire to give back. Since childhood, I\u2019ve felt called to help others. When I once asked my Aunt about becoming a missionary, she gently said, \u201cStart in your backyard.\u201d That wisdom stayed with\u2026","rel":"","context":"Entrada similar ","block_context":{"text":"Entrada similar ","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/pexels-photo-13737903.jpeg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/pexels-photo-13737903.jpeg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/pexels-photo-13737903.jpeg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/pexels-photo-13737903.jpeg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/pexels-photo-13737903.jpeg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":6,"url":"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/es\/","url_meta":{"origin":576,"position":3},"title":"A Quiet Place for Reflection\u2026","author":"myallaboutyou","date":"diciembre 31, 2017","format":false,"excerpt":"\u201cAs Advent settles softly around us, may your heart feel the hush of hope, the warmth of promise, and the nearness of Light that guides every part of this journey. Here at All About You, stories, faith, and handcrafted beauty come together to lift the spirit and gently illuminate the\u2026","rel":"","context":"Entrada similar ","block_context":{"text":"Entrada similar ","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"Wooden table with flowers and decor","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/w.words-SpSu-2026-1200-x-700-px-1024x597.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/w.words-SpSu-2026-1200-x-700-px-1024x597.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/w.words-SpSu-2026-1200-x-700-px-1024x597.webp?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/w.words-SpSu-2026-1200-x-700-px-1024x597.webp?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":12883,"url":"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/es\/about\/the-ledger\/reflection\/","url_meta":{"origin":576,"position":4},"title":"REFLECTION","author":"myallaboutyou","date":"febrero 28, 2026","format":false,"excerpt":"Personal essays, memory, quiet noticing. If the Workshop is where we build and Digital Systems are where we plan, Reflection is where we pause to harvest the meaning of it all. This archive is a repository for the \"Quiet Science\" of noticing\u2014a disciplined look at the world through personal essays,\u2026","rel":"","context":"Entrada similar ","block_context":{"text":"Entrada similar ","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"Antique map spread on a picnic blanket in a sunlit valley meadow with wildflowers, leather journal, eyeglasses, straw hat, and mountains and cottage in the distance.","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Reflection-%E2%80%93-Memory-Wonder-and-the-Road-Ahead.png?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Reflection-%E2%80%93-Memory-Wonder-and-the-Road-Ahead.png?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Reflection-%E2%80%93-Memory-Wonder-and-the-Road-Ahead.png?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Reflection-%E2%80%93-Memory-Wonder-and-the-Road-Ahead.png?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Reflection-%E2%80%93-Memory-Wonder-and-the-Road-Ahead.png?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":111,"url":"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/es\/reference\/nursing-2\/diet-nutrition\/","url_meta":{"origin":576,"position":5},"title":"Diet & Nutrition","author":"myallaboutyou","date":"enero 12, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"Part of this class is service work. Beginning next week we will meet with various places to find which company has a need which works with Diet & Nutrition. Daily needs requirement 2600 kcal\/day 85 grams of fat 60 grams of proteins 250 grams of carbohydrates 240 milligrams cholesterol 30\u2026","rel":"","context":"Con 2 comentarios","block_context":{"text":"Con 2 comentarios","link":"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/es\/reference\/nursing-2\/diet-nutrition\/#comments"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pexels-photo-2684260.jpeg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pexels-photo-2684260.jpeg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pexels-photo-2684260.jpeg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pexels-photo-2684260.jpeg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pexels-photo-2684260.jpeg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/576","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/132804860"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=576"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/576\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":600,"href":"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/576\/revisions\/600"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/73"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/588"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=576"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\nNursing = client\u2019s response to health problems<\/p>\n
\nSubjective what you say<\/p>\n\n
\n
\n
\nNursing diagnosis \u2013 fear, altered health maintenance, deficient knowledge, pain, altered tissue perfusion<\/p>\n
\nReliable factor:\u00a0 not bathing<\/p>\n
\nMedium-priority diagnoses are not rank as life threatening.
\nLow-priority diagnoses are not specifically related to the current level of health or well-being<\/p>\n\n
\nPsychomotor outcomes describe a patient\u2019s achievement of new skills.
\nAffective outcomes describe changes in patient values, beliefs, and attitudes.<\/p>\n
\nClinical outcomes describe the expected status of health issues at certain points in time, after treatment is complete.
\nFunctional outcomes describe the person\u2019s ability t function in relation to the desired usual activities
\nQuality-of-life outcomes focus on key factors that affect someone\u2019s ability to enjoy life and achieve personal goals.<\/p>\n
\nM \u2013 measurable
\nA \u2013 attainable
\nR \u2013 realistic
\nT \u2013 timebound<\/p>\n\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\nNurse- Ex nurse is suffering from burnout
\nHealthcare system- Ex inadequate staffing<\/p>\n\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\nE<\/strong>dit patient information
\nA<\/strong>ct on every teaching moment
\nC<\/strong>larify often
\nH<\/strong>onor the patient as partner in the education process<\/p>\n
\nPsychomotor-learning physical skill
\nAffective-charging attitudes, values, & feelings<\/p>\n
\nWhat is my main problem?
\nWhat do I need to do?
\nWhy is most important for me to do this?<\/p>\n
\nAge & development level
\nFamily Support Networks
\nFinancial resources
\nCultural influences
\nLanguage deficits
\nHealth literacy levels<\/p>\n
\nPhysical maturation & abilities, psychosocial development, cognitive capacity, emotional maturity, moral, and spiritual development<\/p>\n
\nO<\/strong>ptimism
\nP<\/strong>lanning
\nE<\/strong>xpert Information<\/p>\n
\nKnowledge, attitudes, and skills needed for the patient and family to manage health care independently
\nReadiness to learn
\nAbility to learn
\nLearning strengths<\/p>\n
\nBe certain that health care instructions are understandable and designed to support patient goals.
\nInclude the patient and family as partners in the teaching-learning process.
\nUse interactive teaching strategies
\nRemember that teaching and learning are processes that rely on strong interpersonal relationships with patients and their families<\/p>\n
\nWork with the multicultural team in developing educational programs
\nBe aware of personal assumptions, biases, and prejudices.
\nUnderstand the core cultural values of the patient or group.
\nDevelop written materials in the patient\u2019s native language
\nUse testimonials of people with the same cultural background as the patient<\/p>\n\n
\nIdentify learning barriers
\nAllow extra time
\nPlan short teaching sessions
\nAccommodate for sensory deficit
\nReduce environmental distractions
\nRelate new information to familiar activities<\/p>\n
\nAvoid too much detail & stick to the basics
\nAsk for questions
\nBe a cheerleader for the patient
\nUse simple vocabulary
\nVary the tone of voice
\nKeep content clear
\nListen and don\u2019t interrupt
\nEnsure that the environment is conducive to learning and free of interruptions
\nBe sensitive
\nPromote Interpersonal Relationships<\/p>\n
\nForming a contractual agreement
\nConsidering time constraints
\nScheduling
\nGroup versus Individual teaching
\nFormal versus informal teaching
\nManipulating the physical environment<\/p>\n
\nEstablishing relationships and identifying readiness for change
\nIdentifying opportunities, issues, and concerns
\nEstablishing patient-centered goals
\nCreating the structure of the coaching interaction
\nEmpowering and motivating patients to reach goals
\nAssisting the patient to determine progress toward goals<\/p>\n
\nReinforcing & Celebrating Learning
\nRevising the plan<\/p>\n
\nCounseling may be formal or informal
\nUse interpersonal skills of warmth, friendship, openness, & empathy
\nCaring is fundamental<\/p>\n