{"id":550,"date":"2018-07-22T08:17:53","date_gmt":"2018-07-22T13:17:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/myallaboutyou.com\/?page_id=550"},"modified":"2026-08-25T07:35:36","modified_gmt":"2026-08-25T12:35:36","slug":"logic","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/en\/reference\/logic\/","title":{"rendered":"Logic"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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A note about these archived materials<\/h2>\n\n\n

This page preserves study notes prepared during earlier coursework. Definitions, examples, links, and instructional requirements may have changed. It is provided as an educational and historical reference; readers should verify material against current course texts and authoritative sources.<\/p>\n\n\n

Return to The Study<\/a>  |  Visit Body & Grace<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Classification of Fallacies<\/h1>\n
    \n\t
  • Fallacies of relevance<\/li>\n\t
  • Fallacies of defection induction<\/li>\n\t
  • Fallacies of presumption<\/li>\n\t
  • Fallacies of ambiguity<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nFallacies of relevance are bald mistakes; they might better be called fallacies of irrelevance, because they arise when there is no real connection between the premises and the conclusion of an argument.\n
      \n\t
    1. The Appeal to the Populace\/Patriotism-This fallacy is sometimes defined as the fallacy committed in making an emotional appeal.\u00a0 It is the attempt to win popular assent to a conclusion by arousing the feelings of the multitude. \u00a0\"Populace\"<\/li>\n\t
    2. Appeals to Emotion\/Pity-A fallacy in which the argument relies on generosity, altruism, or mercy, rather than on reason.\u00a0 It is also known as ad misericordiam. \u00a0\"appeal_to_pity\"<\/li>\n\t
    3. The Red Herring-A fallacy in which attention is deliberately deflected away from the issue under discussion. \u00a0\"Red<\/li>\n\t
    4. The Straw Man-A fallacy in which an opponent’s position is depicted as being more extreme or unreasonable than is justified by what was actually asserted. \u00a0\"Straw<\/li>\n\t
    5. Argument Against the Person (Argumentum ad Hominem)-An ad hominem argument is one in which the thrust is directed, not at a conclusion, but some person who defends the conclusion in dispute. \u00a0\"ad-hominem\"<\/li>\n\t
    6. The Appeal to Force (Argument ad Baculum)-A fallacy in which the argument\u00a0relies upon an open or veiled threat of force.\u00a0\"fallacies-appeal<\/span><\/li>\n\t
    7. Missing the Point-A fallacy in which the premises support a different conclusion from the one that is proposed.<\/li>\n\t
    8. \u00a0\u00a0\"ignoratio<\/li>\n<\/ol>\nSymbolic Logic & Its Symbols\n

      \"logic<\/h2>\nConjunction = A truth-functional connective meaning “and’ symbolized by the dot (\u2022) and (&).\u00a0 A statement of the form p\u2022 q is true if and only if p is true and q is true. Example as a sentence:\u00a0 Lewis and Clark were famous explorers.\u00a0 Or write as:\u00a0 L * C\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      P * Q Conjunction Truth Table<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      P<\/td>\nQ<\/td>\nP*Q<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      T<\/td>\nT<\/td>\nT<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      T<\/td>\nF<\/td>\nF<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      F<\/td>\nT<\/td>\nF<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      F<\/td>\nF<\/td>\nF<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\nNegation = Denial, symbolized by the tilde or curl,\u00a0\u02dcp simply means “it is not the case that p .” and maybe read as “not p”. \u00a0Example as a sentence:\u00a0 Not all humans are mortal.\u00a0 Or write as: \u00a0\u02dcP.<\/span>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      \u02dcP Truth Table<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      P<\/td>\n\u02dcP<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      T<\/td>\nF<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      F<\/td>\nT<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\nDisjunction = A truth-functional connective meaning “or”; components so connected are called disjuncts.\u00a0 There are two types of disjunction: inclusive and exclusive. \u00a0Example as a sentence:\u00a0 The blind prisoner has a red hat or the blind prisoner has a white hat.\u00a0 The blind prisoner does not have a red hat.\u00a0 Therefore the blind prisoner has a white hat.\u00a0 Or write as:\u00a0 PVQ.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      P V Q Disjunction Truth Table<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      P<\/td>\nQ<\/td>\nPVQ<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      T<\/td>\nT<\/td>\nT<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      T<\/td>\nF<\/td>\nT<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      F<\/td>\nT<\/td>\nT<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      F<\/td>\nF<\/td>\nF<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\nImplication = The relation that holds between the antecedent and the consequent of a true conditional or hypothetical statement.\u00a0 If this piece of blue litmus paper is placed in that acid solution, then this piece of blue litmus will turn red.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      P \u2183 Q Conditional Truth Table<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      P<\/td>\nQ<\/td>\nP\u2183Q<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      T<\/td>\nT<\/td>\nT<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      T<\/td>\nF<\/td>\nF<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      F<\/td>\nT<\/td>\nT<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      F<\/td>\nF<\/td>\nT<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\nBiconditional statement or proposition:\u00a0 A compound statement or proposition that asserts that its two component statements have the same truth value, and therefore are materially equivalent.\u00a0 So named because, since the two component statements are either both true or both, they must imply one another.\u00a0 A biconditional statement form is symbolized “P \u2261 Q,” which may be read as ‘p if and only if q,”.\u00a0 For example:\u00a0 Myrna gets moody if and only if Bob sings the blues. or P\u2261Q.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      P \u039e Q Biconditional Truth Table<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      P<\/td>\nQ<\/td>\nP\u039eQ<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      T<\/td>\nT<\/td>\nT<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      T<\/td>\nF<\/td>\nF<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      F<\/td>\nT<\/td>\nF<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      F<\/td>\nF<\/td>\nT<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

      Rules of Inference first nine<\/h2>\n
        \n\t
      1. \n

        Modus Portens (M. P.)<\/h4>\n
          \n\t
        1. \n

          P\u2283Q \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 P \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 Q<\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n\t
        2. \n

          Modus Tollens (M.T.)<\/h4>\n
            \n\t
          1. \n

            P\u2283Q \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u223cQ \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u2234\u00a0\u223cP<\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n\t
          2. \n

            Hypothetical Syllogism (H.S.)<\/h4>\n
              \n\t
            1. \n

              P\u2283Q \u00a0 \u00a0 Q\u2283R \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u2234 P\u2283 R<\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n\t
            2. \n

              Disjunctive Syllogism (D.S.)<\/h4>\n
                \n\t
              1. \n

                P\u2228Q \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u223cP \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u2234Q\u2228S<\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n\t
              2. \n

                Constructive Dilemma (C.D.)<\/h4>\n
                  \n\t
                1. \n

                  (P\u2283Q)\u2022(R\u2283S) \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 P\u2228R \u00a0\u00a0 \u2234Q\u2228S<\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n\t
                2. \n

                  Absorption (Abs.)<\/h4>\n
                    \n\t
                  1. \n

                    P\u2283Q \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u2234P\u2283 (P\u2022Q)<\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n\t
                  2. \n

                    Simplification (Simp.)<\/h4>\n
                      \n\t
                    1. \n

                      P\u2022Q\u00a0 \u2234P<\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n\t
                    2. \n

                      Conjunction (Conj.)<\/h4>\n
                        \n\t
                      1. \n

                        P \u00a0\u00a0 Q \u00a0 \u2234P\u2022Q<\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n\t
                      2. \n

                        Addition (Add.)<\/h4>\n
                          \n\t
                        1. \n

                          P \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 \u2234 P\u2228Q<\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                          \u00a0<\/span><\/h4>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                          A note about these archived materials This page preserves study notes prepared during earlier coursework. Definitions, examples, links, and instructional requirements may have changed. It is provided as an educational and historical reference; readers should verify material against current course texts and authoritative sources. Return to The Study  |  Visit Body & Grace Classification of […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":132804860,"featured_media":583,"parent":73,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_wpcom_ai_launchpad_about_page":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_gallery_page":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_contact_page":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_events_page":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_video_page":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_portfolio_piece":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-550","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/P9vUsN-8S","jetpack-related-posts":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/550","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/132804860"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=550"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/550\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16198,"href":"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/550\/revisions\/16198"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/73"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/583"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=550"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}