{"id":110,"date":"2018-01-12T11:28:12","date_gmt":"2018-01-12T17:28:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/?page_id=110"},"modified":"2025-09-21T15:37:48","modified_gmt":"2025-09-21T20:37:48","slug":"anatomy","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/en\/reference\/anatomy\/","title":{"rendered":"Anatomy"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Brain &amp; Cranial Nerves<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>The nervous system consists of the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).<\/p>\n<p>Afferent:\u00a0 Sensory, carries impulses to the CNS.\u00a0 Conveying toward the center.\u00a0 Carrying inward to a central organ (eg brain) or section, as nerves that conduct impulses from periphery of the body to the brain or spinal cord.\u00a0 They are sensory.<\/p>\n<p>Efferent:\u00a0 motor carries impulses away from the CNS.\u00a0 Conducting or progressing away from CNS or specific site.\u00a0 Nerve impulse outwards the PNS.<\/p>\n<p>Central Nervous System is made up of:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Brain<\/li>\n<li>Spinal Cord<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"padding-left:60px\">It combines information from the entire body &amp; coordinates activity across the whole organism.\u00a0 Uses 20% of our oxygen we breathe in.\u00a0 There is an estimated 100 billion neurons with each connected to even more.\u00a0 There are four main lobes:\u00a0 parietal, temporal, occipital, and frontal.\u00a0 Brain is protected by the skull.\u00a0 Spinal cord travels down the spine.\u00a0 Brain is housed within the meninges.\u00a0 The spinal cord carries info between the body and brain.\u00a0 It connects to the PNS (skin, muscles, and joints).<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left:60px\">Temporal Lobe is important for processing sensory input and assigning it emotional meaning:\u00a0 long-term memories; language (some)<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left:60px\">Occipital\u00a0 Lobe is for visual processing<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left:60px\">Parietal Lobe integrates sensory information including touch, spatial awareness, &amp; navigation; language processing (some)<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left:60px\">Frontal Lobe contains most of the dopamine; sensitive neurons; involved in attention; reward, short-term memory, motivation, &amp; planning<\/p>\n<p>The brain is the central control module of the body.\u00a0 It is the most complex organ.\u00a0 Some sections are dedicated.\u00a0 Others functions involve working together.\u00a0 There are twelve nerves.\u00a0 Eight of them appear to be along the brain stem.<\/p>\n<p>Neuroglia cells support the nervous tissue.<\/p>\n<p>Peripheral Nervous System is made of:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>All the nerves and ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>They are the exterior system of the brain.\u00a0 The PNS consists of 31 pairs of nerves. Outside of the brain and spinal cord there are two parts: the somatic, autonomic and enteric.\u00a0 The somatic nervous system is made up of nerves that connect to voluntary skeletal muscles &amp;\u00a0 to sensory receptors.\u00a0 It is composed of afferent nerves that carry info to the CNS (spinal cord) &amp; efferent fibers that carry neural impulses away from the CNS.\u00a0 The sensor neurons convey info from receptors in body to brain.\u00a0 The SNS motor neurons conduct voluntary impulses from brain to skeletal muscles.<\/p>\n<p>Autonomic nervous system consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic division.\u00a0 Sympathetic mobilizes the body to respond to emergencies.\u00a0 Parasympathetic generally helps to conserve body energy &amp; normal operations.\u00a0 Eg. digestion and blood pressure.\u00a0 The ANS sensory neurons convey info from receptors in organs to brain.\u00a0 The motor ANS conduct impulses from brain to smooth muscle cardiac muscle &amp; glands (involuntary).<\/p>\n<p>The nervous system which works with the GI tract is called Enteric Nervous System (ENS).\u00a0 Many books still have this system as part of the autonomic parasympathetic nervous system.\u00a0 But, many are going away from that thought.\u00a0 The ENS has both sensory and motor neurons in the GI tract (involuntary).<\/p>\n<p>The meninges makes us the protective structures of the spinal cord and brain.\u00a0 It is composed of three parts (dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater).\u00a0 The dura mater is the thickest and the outer most part.\u00a0 The middle layer is the arachnoid\u00a0 which is a thin avascular layer.\u00a0 It allows space for the spinal fluid to flow between the two membranes.\u00a0 It is a web like structure. The innermost layer is the pia mater which is attached to the brain&#8217;s nervous tissue and is molded close to the brain&#8217;s tissues.\u00a0 This thin delicate transparent structure has the most blood vessels of all of the meninges.\u00a0 Nutrients and oxygen are supplied\u00a0 by these blood vessels.\u00a0 It has the denticulate ligaments which extend laterally to secure and suspend the spinal cord.<\/p>\n<p>Within the meninges the subarachnoid and epidural space is found.\u00a0 The subarachnoid space, which contains the Central Spinal Fluid (CSF), is between the arachnoid mater and pia mater.\u00a0 The epidural space is above the dura mater &amp; bone.\u00a0 It consists adipose tissue between vertebrae and meninges.<\/p>\n<p>Cerebrum is for intelligence, communication, learning, memory and thinking.\u00a0 It is the largest part of the brain and is divided into two hemispheres or halves.\u00a0 The word &#8220;cerebrum&#8221;\u00a0 is Latin for brain.\u00a0 The Romans used the same word to refer to the &#8220;skull&#8221; (which houses the brain) and the &#8220;head&#8221; which houses the &#8220;head&#8221; which houses the skull.\u00a0 And in Rome &#8220;cerebrum&#8221; meant understanding and fiery temper.<\/p>\n<p>Cerebellum is equilibrium and muscular coordination.\u00a0 It is not only involved in precise motor control, but, also, language and attention.\u00a0 The corpus callosum (white myelinated axon) bridges the two hemispheres.\u00a0 It is part of the mind that allows communication between the two hemispheres of the brain.\u00a0 It is responsible for transmitting neural messages between both the right and left hemispheres.<\/p>\n<p>The cerebellum is made up of the vermis (which connects both hemispheres), arbor vitae (&#8220;tree of life&#8221; which is the white matter), and folia (which are slender folds that add more surface area).<\/p>\n<p>Diencephalon contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and pituitary gland.\u00a0 The thalamus is the main rely station (think Grand Central station) to the cerebral cortex.\u00a0 It contains the intermediate mass.\u00a0 The hypothalamus helps to maintain homeostasis, and body functions.\u00a0 It controls the pituitary glands, hormonal functions.\u00a0 In addition, it helps regulate emotions, temperature, eating, and drinking, smell &amp; taste reflexes, and mammillary bodies.\u00a0 It contains the infundibulum (which is the little &#8220;canal&#8221; which connects to pituitary gland).\u00a0 Pineal gland secretes melatonin that controls sleep\/wake cycles.<\/p>\n<p>The limbic system is for emotions.\u00a0 It consists of the amygdale, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia &amp; cingulated gyrus.\u00a0 It combines higher mental functions and more primitive into a single system (called the emotional nervous system).\u00a0 It is the reason we enjoy eating and why we experience high blood pressure due to mental stress.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;<img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"267\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/en\/reference\/anatomy\/brain-stem\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/brain-stem.jpg?fit=996%2C800&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"996,800\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Human Brain Anatomy Diagram\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;A labeled diagram of the human brain, emphasizing important areas such as the cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem, and other key structures for educational purposes.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Illustration showing the main parts of the human brain, including the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/brain-stem.jpg?fit=996%2C800&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/brain-stem.jpg?resize=996%2C800&#038;ssl=1\" height=\"800\" width=\"996\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-267\" alt=\"Detailed diagram of the human brain highlighting key regions and structures.\"  > <\/p>\n<p>The brain stem has three parts:\u00a0 midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata.\u00a0 Each of these are composed of various parts which have specific functions.<\/p>\n<p>Midbrain<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Cerebral pedunclesa is axons which transfer info<\/li>\n<li>Corpora quadrigemini 4 count\n<ul>\n<li>Superior colliculi is located posterior of the midbrain. Receives visual signals from the retina of the eyes; helps with orientation of eyes &amp; head;\u00a0 visual reflexes<\/li>\n<li>Inferior colliculi is located posterior of the midbrain.\u00a0 The lower layer processes multiple signals from various other parts of the brain.\u00a0 Main purpose is signal integration, frequency recognition, and patch discrimination;\u00a0 auditory reflexes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Pons<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Neural pathways or tracts; Respiratory centers that assist with the medulla oblongata; relays info to diencephalon<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Medulla Oblongata<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>cardiac, respiratory, vomiting and vasomotor (blood vessel rates) centers; is a very vital area; extends below the skull.\u00a0 It is involved in involuntary functions such as vomiting, breathing, sneezing, &amp; maintaining the correct blood pressure.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The central sulcus separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.\u00a0 Directly in from of the central sulcus is the precentral gyrus, and directly behind is the postcentral gyrus.\u00a0 The lateral sulcus runs between the temporal lobe and the parietal\/frontal lobe.\u00a0 The transverse fissure separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum.<\/p>\n<p>The functional areas of the cerebral cortex are the central sulcus, motor &amp; sensory areas as well as the Wernicke&#8217;s area.\u00a0 In the motor areas, there is the primary motor area (precentral gyrus), and Broca&#8217;s speech area (on left side of brain).\u00a0 Broca&#8217;s speech area is putting thoughts into speech.\u00a0 The sensory areas consist of primary sensory area (postcentral gyrus), primary auditory and visual areas.\u00a0 The Wernicke&#8217;s area interprets speech into thought.<\/p>\n<p>Always motor is always in the front.<\/p>\n<p>The cranial meninges is made up of dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater.\u00a0 The dura mater consists of Falix cerebri (extends into the longitudinal fissure between cerebral hemisphere), and Falx cerebelli (extends between cerebellar hemispheres), and Tenetorium cerebelli (extends into the transverse fissure).\u00a0 The arachnoid mater lies between the dura mater and pia mater.\u00a0 The pia mater hugs the brain tightly.<\/p>\n<p>There are four ventricles, (two lateral, third ventricle and below that the fourth ventricle which proceeds to the subanrachnoid space, then onto arachnoid villi of dural venous sinuses to the heart &amp; lungs which pushes it out to through the arterial blood to the fourth ventricle and over again.\u00a0 The septum pellucidum is a thin membrane that separates the lateral ventricles.<\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"408\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/en\/img_2455\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/img_2455.jpg?fit=3024%2C4032&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"3024,4032\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" 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class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"402\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/img_2453.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"3024,4032\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"img_2453\" data-image-description=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/img_2453.jpg?fit=225%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/img_2453.jpg?fit=768%2C1024&#038;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/img_2453.jpg?w=163&#038;h=217&#038;ssl=1\" width=\"163\" height=\"217\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"163\" data-original-height=\"217\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"img_2453\" alt=\"img_2453\" style=\"width: 163px; height: 217px;\" \/> <\/a> <\/div> <\/div> <!-- close group --> <div class=\"gallery-group images-1\" style=\"width: 166px; height: 221px;\" data-original-width=\"166\" data-original-height=\"221\" > <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-small\" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/en\/img_2451\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"162\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"217\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"396\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/img_2451.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"3024,4032\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"img_2451\" data-image-description=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/img_2451.jpg?fit=225%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/img_2451.jpg?fit=768%2C1024&#038;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/img_2451.jpg?w=162&#038;h=217&#038;ssl=1\" width=\"162\" height=\"217\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"162\" data-original-height=\"217\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"img_2451\" alt=\"img_2451\" style=\"width: 162px; height: 217px;\" \/> <\/a> <\/div> <\/div> <!-- close group --> <\/div> <!-- close row --> <\/div>\n<h3 style=\"text-align:center\">Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves<\/h3>\n<p>There are thirty-one spinal nerves.\u00a0 It consists of the cervical &amp; lumbar enlargement, conus medullaris, cauda equine, and filum terminale.\u00a0 The cervical enlargement is runs from C4-T1 and goes to the upper extremities via the brachial plexuses.\u00a0 The lumbar enlargement (also called lumbosacral enlargement) is located from T9-T12.\u00a0 It forms the sacral and lumbar plexuses which goes to the lower extremities.\u00a0 The conus medullaris\u00a0 which is of the end of the spinal cord forms a cone shape.\u00a0 It is followed by a bundle of nerves called cauda equine before ending at the filum terminale.<\/p>\n<p>The phrenic nerve innovates the spinal cord and aids the diaphragm.\u00a0 It is located within the cervical plexus of the spine.\u00a0 It is located between C3-C5. \u00a0 Remember the saying&#8211;&#8220;Cervical nerves 3, 4, and 5 keep the diaphragm alive.&#8221;\u00a0 B<span style=\"display:inline !important;float:none;background-color:transparent;color:#3d596d;cursor:text;font-family:'Noto Serif', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:left;text-decoration:none;text-indent:0;text-transform:none\">rachial plexus<\/span> contains five main nerves which axillary nerve (shoulder region), musculocutaneous nerve (anterior of the upper arm), median nerve (most anterior of forearm), ulner nerve (most hand muscles), and radial nerve (all of the posterior muscles of the arm and forearm).\u00a0 The brachial plexus is located between C5-T1.<\/p>\n<p>The thoracic (or intercostal) nerves do not have any plexuses.\u00a0 But, the lumbar plexus has two nerves which it innovates.\u00a0 There are the femoral nerve which goes to the quadriceps and the obturator nerve which goes to the adductor muscles (medial thigh).\u00a0 The sacral plexus contains the largest nerve in the body called sciatic nerve which goes to the hamstrings (posterior thigh) and pudendal nerve which goes to the perineum muscles of the genital area.<\/p>\n<p>The spinal cord is composed of the dorsal &amp; ventral root as well as the spinal cord.\u00a0 The dorsal root consists of the somatic &amp; autonomic sensory axons which enter the spinal cord via this root.\u00a0 The bump on the side of the root is called the dorsal root ganglion.\u00a0 It is composed of cell bodies of sensory neurons.\u00a0 The ventral root as well has a somatic and autonomic axons, but they are sensory.\u00a0 They exit the spinal cord via ventral root.\u00a0 The spinal nerve is where the ventral and dorsal root converge and exit the intervertebral foramen.\u00a0 It is called mixed because it contains both the sensory and motor fibers.<\/p>\n<p>The dorsal root ramus innervates the skin and deep muscles of the back and trunck.\u00a0 The anterior root ramus innervates the muscles and skin of our arms and legs as well as the anterior and lateral body parts.\u00a0 The meningeal rami works with the vertebraes &amp; their ligaments as well as the meninges and spinal cord&#8217;s blood vessels.<\/p>\n<p>The spinal cord has the posterior median sulcus and the anterior median fissure as well as the central canal and gray &amp; white commissure.\u00a0 The fissure is a wide groove while the sulcus is narrow.\u00a0 The central canal extends the length of the spinal cord.\u00a0 The gray and white commissure joins the left and right sides.<\/p>\n<p>The white matter columns (or funiculi) contains the ascending sensory tract and the descending motor tract which consists of CNS axon bundles.\u00a0 There is a anterior, lateral, and dorsal side to the columns.<\/p>\n<p>The gray matter has the ventral, dorsal, and lateral horns.\u00a0 The somatic motor neurons cell bodies is located in the ventral horn.\u00a0 The dorsal horn contains the interneuron cell bodies.\u00a0 In the lateral horn of ANS motor neurons cell bodies exist except in the cervical region.<\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"392\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/en\/img_2440\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/img_2440.jpg?fit=3024%2C4032&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"3024,4032\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"img_2440\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/img_2440.jpg?fit=768%2C1024&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-392\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/img_2440.jpg?resize=3024%2C4032&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"img_2440\" width=\"3024\" height=\"4032\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"395\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/en\/img_2446\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/img_2446.jpg?fit=3024%2C4032&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"3024,4032\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"img_2446\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/img_2446.jpg?fit=768%2C1024&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-395\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/img_2446.jpg?resize=3024%2C4032&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"img_2446\" width=\"3024\" height=\"4032\" \/><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"397\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/en\/img_2445\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/img_2445.jpg?fit=3024%2C4032&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"3024,4032\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"img_2445\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/img_2445.jpg?fit=768%2C1024&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-397\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/img_2445.jpg?resize=3024%2C4032&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"img_2445\" width=\"3024\" height=\"4032\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"393\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/en\/img_2447\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/img_2447.jpg?fit=3024%2C4032&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"3024,4032\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"img_2447\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/img_2447.jpg?fit=768%2C1024&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-393\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/img_2447.jpg?resize=3024%2C4032&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"img_2447\" width=\"3024\" height=\"4032\" \/><\/p>\n<p>There are three protective connective tissues which cover each spinal cord:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Epineurium which surrounds the whole nerve<\/li>\n<li>Perineurium which surrounds the fascicle (which is a smaller nerve bundle)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Endoneurium which cover the axon (myelinated and unmyelinated)<\/p>\n<p>We used the below for our final.<\/p>\n<p>Here is a video from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=sAFaTaavmO8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Texas Women&#8217;s University UT Southwestern Medical Cente<\/a>r that help us study.\u00a0 There is one additional song created by Joseph Reger &#8212;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=KEGb1qndBnc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cranial Nerve Song<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"294\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/en\/reference\/anatomy\/cranial-nerves\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/cranial-nerves.jpg?fit=1200%2C846&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1200,846\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Cranial nerves\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/cranial-nerves.jpg?fit=1024%2C722&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-294\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/cranial-nerves.jpg?resize=1200%2C846&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Cranial nerves\" width=\"1200\" height=\"846\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:16px\"><strong><span style=\"text-align:left;color:#3d596d;text-transform:none;text-indent:0;letter-spacing:normal;font-family:'Noto Serif', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;display:inline !important;cursor:text;float:none;background-color:transparent\">NOTE:\u00a0 THE NERVES ARE USUALLY WRITTEN IN ROMAN NUMERALS<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"display:inline !important;float:none;background-color:transparent;color:#3d596d;cursor:text;font-family:'Noto Serif', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:left;text-decoration:none;text-indent:0;text-transform:none\">CN#1<\/span> Olfactory nerve is for smell.<br \/>\n<span style=\"display:inline !important;float:none;background-color:transparent;color:#3d596d;cursor:text;font-family:'Noto Serif', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:left;text-decoration:none;text-indent:0;text-transform:none\">CN#2<\/span> Optic nerve is for sight (rods &amp; cones)-vision<br \/>\n<span style=\"display:inline !important;float:none;background-color:transparent;color:#3d596d;cursor:text;font-family:'Noto Serif', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:left;text-decoration:none;text-indent:0;text-transform:none\">CN#3 <\/span>Oculomotor nerve moves the eyelids &amp; eyeballs<br \/>\nCN#4 Trochlear nerve moves eyeballs<br \/>\nCN#5 Trigeminal nerve for facial muscles (example chewing)<br \/>\nCN#6 Abducens nerve moves the eyeballs<br \/>\nCN#7 Facial nerve for taste, tears, saliva &amp; facial expression<br \/>\nCN#8 Vestibulocochlear or Acoustic nerve is for auditory (vestibular nerve-equilibrium; cochlear nerve for hearing)<br \/>\nCN#9 Glossopharyngeal nerve is motor sensory nerve-swallowing, saliva, taste, viscera<br \/>\nCN#10Vagus nerve controls the PNS-Motor control of the heart and viscera, sensation from the thorax, pharynx, and abdominal viscera<br \/>\nCN#11Accessory nerve moves the head &amp; shoulders<br \/>\nCN#12Hypoglossal nerve works the tongue muscles (speech &amp; swallowing), some skeletal muscles, some viscera, sensation form skin and viscera<\/p>\n<p>There are eight pairs of cervical spinal nerves, twelve pairs of thoracic, five pairs of lumbar, five pairs of sacral, and one pair of coccyx spinal nerves.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align:center\">Hormones<\/h3>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"305\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/en\/reference\/anatomy\/hormones-2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/hormones1.jpg?fit=1650%2C2550&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1650,2550\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Hormones\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/hormones1.jpg?fit=663%2C1024&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-305\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/hormones1.jpg?resize=1650%2C2550&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Hormones\" width=\"1650\" height=\"2550\" \/><\/p>\n<p>I found this neat song to help you learn the endocrine system.\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/Qzs0iUeqUGY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Musical MCAT: Hormones Blues<\/a><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">Hypothalamus<\/td>\n<td width=\"196\">Releasing\/inhibiting hormones, TRH, GnRH, CRH, PIH, etc.<\/td>\n<td width=\"270\">Regulates pituitary gland<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">Anterior Pituitary<\/td>\n<td width=\"196\">hGH<\/td>\n<td width=\"270\">Systhesis IGF, Promotes growth<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">Anterior Pituitary<\/td>\n<td width=\"196\">TSH<\/td>\n<td width=\"270\">Synthesis &amp; secretion of thyroid hormone<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">Anterior Pituitary<\/td>\n<td width=\"196\">FSH<\/td>\n<td width=\"270\">Estrogen secretion, sperm &amp; oocyte production<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">Anterior Pituitary<\/td>\n<td width=\"196\">LH<\/td>\n<td width=\"270\">Ovulation; estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone secretion<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">Anterior Pituitary<\/td>\n<td width=\"196\">MSH<\/td>\n<td width=\"270\">Milk secretion &amp; production<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">Anterior Pituitary<\/td>\n<td width=\"196\">ACTH<\/td>\n<td width=\"270\">Stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids (cortisol) of adrenal cortex<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">Anterior Pituitary<\/td>\n<td width=\"196\">MSH<\/td>\n<td width=\"270\">Skin pigmentation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">Posterior Pituitary<\/td>\n<td width=\"196\">ADH<\/td>\n<td width=\"270\">Increases reabsorption of water; decrease urine formation; increase BP<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">Posterior Pituitary<\/td>\n<td width=\"196\">OT<\/td>\n<td width=\"270\">Stimulates uterine contractions &amp; milk let down<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">Thyroid<\/td>\n<td width=\"196\">Tetralodothyronine (T4)<\/td>\n<td width=\"270\">Increase metabolism, body temperature, ATP production<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">Thyroid<\/td>\n<td width=\"196\">Trilodothyronine (T3)<\/td>\n<td width=\"270\">Increase metabolism, body temperature, ATP production<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">Thyroid<\/td>\n<td width=\"196\">Calcitonin<\/td>\n<td width=\"270\">Decrease blood calcium levels<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">Parathyroid<\/td>\n<td width=\"196\">PTH<\/td>\n<td width=\"270\">Increase blood calcium levels<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">Adrenal cortex<\/td>\n<td width=\"196\">Aldosterone<\/td>\n<td width=\"270\">Na, K levels; regulates BP &amp; blood volume<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">Adrenal cortex<\/td>\n<td width=\"196\">Cortisol<\/td>\n<td width=\"270\">Increase glucose levels, anti-inflammatory effects, stress resistance, depress immune system<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">Adrenal Cortex<\/td>\n<td width=\"196\">Androgen (DHEA)<\/td>\n<td width=\"270\">Puberty changes; conversion to estrogen &amp; promote libido in females<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">Adrenal Medula<\/td>\n<td width=\"196\">Epinephrine<\/td>\n<td width=\"270\">Stress response, promotes fight or flight response<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">Adrenal Medula<\/td>\n<td width=\"196\">Norepinephine<\/td>\n<td width=\"270\">Stress response, promotes fight or flight response<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">Pancreas:\u00a0 Alpha cells<\/td>\n<td width=\"196\">Glucagon<\/td>\n<td width=\"270\">Increase blood glucose levels<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">Pancreas:\u00a0 Beta cells<\/td>\n<td width=\"196\">Insulin<\/td>\n<td width=\"270\">Decrease blood glucose levels<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">Ovaries<\/td>\n<td width=\"196\">Estrogen<\/td>\n<td width=\"270\">Regulate menstrual cycle, stimulates development of female sex characteristics<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">Ovaries<\/td>\n<td width=\"196\">Progesterone<\/td>\n<td width=\"270\">Regulate menstrual cycle, stimulates development of female sex characteristics<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">Testes<\/td>\n<td width=\"196\">Testosterone<\/td>\n<td width=\"270\">Sperm production, male sex characteristics<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">Pineal Gland<\/td>\n<td width=\"196\">Melatonin<\/td>\n<td width=\"270\">Biological clock<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">Thymus<\/td>\n<td width=\"196\">Tymosin<\/td>\n<td width=\"270\">T Cell (WBC) maturation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Adrenal glands has three regions within the cortex which is glandular tissue.\u00a0 They are:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Zona glomerulosa which secretes mineralocorticoids of which we find aldosterone.<\/li>\n<li>Zona fasciculate which is the largest.\u00a0 It produces both Glucocorticoids (cortisol).\u00a0 If you have too much you may get Cushing&#8217;s syndrome, and not enough you could get Addison&#8217;s disease.<\/li>\n<li>Zona reticularis produces Gonadocorticoids (androgen) which increases the sex drive in women after menopause.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>The Medulla (nervous tissue) within the Adrenal glands.\u00a0 It produces Epinephrine and Norepinephrine.\u00a0 We experience this hormone during fight or flight moments.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Digestion System<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Z4R8ZZHdZBI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Music video<\/a> on the digestive system by biological music video<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin:0;color:#3d596d;quot', 'serif';font-size:12pt\">The digestive system goes from the mouth to the anus.\u00a0 The mouth is used for mastication which is the process of chewing..\u00a0 It breaks down food.\u00a0 It is made up of multi-layer stratified squamous. There are three sets of salivary glands which secrete saliva which contain bicarbonate.\u00a0 It maintains a pH between 6.5 &#8211; 7.5.\u00a0 Through peristalsis the bolus (a ball of masticated food) passes between the mouth to the stomach.\u00a0 Peristalsis is the movement of food through the alimentary tract by means of contractions. Food generally stays in the alimentary tract for three days.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Parotid gland is located in the front and below the ear.\u00a0 It secretes a clear, watery amylase.\u00a0 Amylase breaks down carbohydrates.\u00a0 The Stensen&#8217;s duct is attached to it.\u00a0 The second gland is called Submandibular and is located on the inside surface of the mandible.\u00a0 It secretes a serous, and some mucous with the Whaton&#8217;s duct attached to it.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin:0;color:#3d596d;quot', 'serif';font-size:12pt\">The cells within the alimentary canal changes every three days. Of which the majority these cells are simple columnar epithelium.\u00a0 There are four layers of alimentary tract.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"237\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/en\/2018\/01\/21\/ap-ii-first-class-digestive-system\/layers_of_the_gastrointestinal_tract\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/layers_of_the_gastrointestinal_tract.jpg?fit=1059%2C604&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1059,604\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"All About You\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;This image shows a detailed cross-section of the digestive system, including glands, nerves, blood vessels, and muscle layers, useful for medical and biology education.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;An educational illustration of the human digestive system highlighting key structures like the submucosa, mucosa, and serosa for anatomy learning.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/layers_of_the_gastrointestinal_tract.jpg?fit=1024%2C584&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/layers_of_the_gastrointestinal_tract.jpg?resize=1059%2C604&#038;ssl=1\" height=\"604\" width=\"1059\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-237\" alt=\"Detailed diagram of the digestive system for educational purposes.\"  > <\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><b><span style=\"margin:0;color:#3d596d;quot', 'serif';font-size:12pt\">Four Layers of Alimentary Tract<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<ul type=\"disc\">\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 13.33px;color:#3d596d;quot', 'serif';font-size:12pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal\"><span style=\"margin:0;quot', 'serif';font-size:12pt\">Mucosa is the inner most layer of the alimentary tract.\u00a0 It is made up primarily of Epithelium and Mucus Cell.\u00a0 The lumen is the tube in the center of the alimentary tract. \u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 13.33px;color:#3d596d;quot', 'serif';font-size:12pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal\"><span style=\"margin:0;quot', 'serif';font-size:12pt\">Submucosa is the 2nd layer.\u00a0 It contains blood vessels, nerves and the lacteals.\u00a0 Lacteals are the lymph vessel.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 13.33px;color:#3d596d;quot', 'serif';font-size:12pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal\"><span style=\"margin:0;quot', 'serif';font-size:12pt\">There are two layers of muscle which comes next. \u00a0<\/span>\n<ul type=\"circle\">\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 13.33px;color:#3d596d;quot', 'serif';font-size:12pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal\"><span style=\"margin:0;quot', 'serif';font-size:12pt\">The inner most layer called circular fibers<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 13.33px;color:#3d596d;quot', 'serif';font-size:12pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal\"><span style=\"margin:0;quot', 'serif';font-size:12pt\">Longitudinal Fibers<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 13.33px;color:#3d596d;quot', 'serif';font-size:12pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal\"><span style=\"margin:0;quot', 'serif';font-size:12pt\">Serosa is the outer most layer<\/span>\n<ul type=\"circle\">\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 13.33px;color:#3d596d;quot', 'serif';font-size:12pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal\"><span style=\"margin:0;quot', 'serif';font-size:12pt\">Visceral Peritoneum which covers the organs<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 13.33px;color:#3d596d;quot', 'serif';font-size:12pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal\"><span style=\"margin:0;quot', 'serif';font-size:12pt\">Parietal Peritoneum which lines the peritoneal cavity<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The tongue manipulates the food by aiding in the chewing and swallowing.\u00a0 The tongue is anchored by the lingual frenulum. \u00a0 It has papillae (vallate, fungiform, and filiform) located on the surface.\u00a0Vallate are located near the back of the tongue in a V-shape form\u00a0 and have taste buds on them.\u00a0 Fungiform can distinguish a change in temperature and has the sour taste buds located on it.\u00a0 Filiform gives the tongue its rough texture and helps in gripping the food.\u00a0 It does not have taste buds.<\/p>\n<p>The uvula is the u-shaped structure which hangs in the back of the mouth.\u00a0 According to <a href=\"https:\/\/articles.mercola.com\/sites\/articles\/archive\/2016\/09\/03\/uvula-function.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mercola<\/a>, it has five purposes.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>It prevents excessive nasal sound.<\/li>\n<li>Keeps throat lubricated<\/li>\n<li>Helps prevent food from going up into the nose and aid in mucous drainage<\/li>\n<li>Gag Reflex<\/li>\n<li>Aid in the\u00a0immune responses<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>There are three sets of tonsils (palatine, pharyngel and lingual).\u00a0 The Palatine swell when there is infection.\u00a0 Pharyngeal is the same as the adenoids.\u00a0 Linguals is located in the bottom portion of the mouth (upper potion of the throat).\u00a0 It has been discovered that the tonsils help prevent infection from getting into the rest of the body.\u00a0 Some authorities question whether the tonsils should be removed.<\/p>\n<p>The pharynx is comprised of three parts:\u00a0 nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.\u00a0 It is runs from the base of the skull to the inferior cricoid cartilage where it connects to the esophagus.\u00a0 Its primary purpose is for deglutition (swallowing) and respiration.<\/p>\n<p>The esophagus is approximately 9 inches (25 cm) long and is lined with stratified squamous and mucous cells.\u00a0 It connects the pharynx to the stomach.\u00a0 It is located behind the trachea.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"247\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/en\/reference\/anatomy\/stomach\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/stomach.jpg?fit=638%2C478&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"638,478\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Stomach Anatomy Diagram for Health Insights\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Anatomical diagram showing the stomach&amp;#8217;s regions, including the esophagus, fundic, cardiac, and pyloric areas for health and wellness understanding.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Educational illustration of stomach parts including esophagus, pyloric sphincter, and body.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/stomach.jpg?fit=638%2C478&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/stomach.jpg?resize=638%2C478&#038;ssl=1\" height=\"478\" width=\"638\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-247\" alt=\"Detailed view of stomach anatomy highlighting key regions and structures.\"  > <\/p>\n<p>The stomach is made of three muscle layers, oblique, circular and longitudinal.\u00a0 The oblique is the innermost layer.\u00a0 The stomach is lined with columnar epithelium cells.\u00a0 Within the stomach, there are ruga(e) which are made up of columnar epithelial cells.\u00a0 Basically, rugae is folds with in the stomach which aid in digestion. \u00a0<span style=\"display:inline !important;float:none;background-color:transparent;color:#3d596d;cursor:text;font-family:'Noto Serif', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:left;text-decoration:none;text-indent:0;text-transform:none\">Water, glucose, salts, alcohol, and drugs is absorbed by the stomach (gastric absorption). <\/span><\/p>\n<p>The stomach contains three different gastric glands which start at the beginning of the stomach and end at the stomach&#8217;s lumen.\u00a0 They <span style=\"display:inline !important;float:none;background-color:transparent;color:#3d596d;cursor:text;font-family:'Noto Serif', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:left;text-decoration:none;text-indent:0;text-transform:none\">secretes gastric juice and mucus<\/span>.\u00a0 Each gland has a specific purpose.\u00a0 The cardiac gland, located at the top, and the pyloric gland, located at the bottom, both secrete mucus.\u00a0 The intermediate gastric glands does most of the secreting.\u00a0 It is composed of three types of cells, chief, parietal, mucus neck cells.\u00a0 The intermediate gastric glands secretes HCl or hydrochloric acid.\u00a0 It is needed to activate some enzymes. \u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/slideplayer.com\/slide\/5704223\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Iram Tassaduq<\/a> has a nice computerized slide show on the stomach.<\/p>\n<p>The various secretions of the gastric glands are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pepsinogen&#8211;secreted by chief cells and forms pepsin\n<ul>\n<li>Pepsin is formed when HCl reacts with pepsinogen.\u00a0 It aids in digestion<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>HCl&#8211;secreted by the parietal cells.\u00a0 It reacts with pepsinogen.<\/li>\n<li>Mucus&#8211;secreted by both the goblet cells and mucus glands.\u00a0 Mucus is used to protect the lining.\u00a0 It is alkaline.<\/li>\n<li>Intrinsic Factor&#8211;secreted by the parietal cells and aids in the absorption of vitamin B12 which is needed for blood production\u00a0 Pernicious anemia is caused by the lack of B12.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Gastrin is a polypeptide hormone which is secreted by the pylorus in the stomach.\u00a0 It increases gastric activity and pepsin production.\u00a0 Frequently when there is an over productivity of gastrin a peptic ulcer will form.<\/p>\n<p>The parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system both are involved in gastric activity.\u00a0 The parasympathetic increases it while the sympathetic decreases it.\u00a0 It is believed that sadness, fear, and withdrawal increases gastric juices.<\/p>\n<p>The proteolytic enzyme breaks down proteins into smaller peptides.\u00a0 It goes by numerous other names such as protease, proteinase, and peptidase.\u00a0 Proteins are somewhat broken down as they are leaving stomach to the small intestines.\u00a0 Upon leaving they are broken down even more by the proteolytic enzyme which is secreted by the pancreas.<\/p>\n<p>The enterogastric reflex (stomach &amp; small intestines) starts in the intestines and goes to the stomach.\u00a0 It slows down peristalsis when impulses from the intestine to the Central Nervous System (CNS), then to stomach via the Vagus Nerve (Cranial Nerve #10).<\/p>\n<p>Cholecystokinin is secreted by the small intestine in response to Chyme (paste-like substance which is passed from the stomach to the small intestines) with a high fat content.\u00a0 Cholecystokinin causes the stomach to slow down the Peristaltic Activity.<\/p>\n<p>There are two sphincters, lower esophageal and pylorus. They are found in their respective areas.\u00a0 Please refer to the above picture.\u00a0 They pylorus sphincter is a valve which closes off the stomach from the duodenum.\u00a0 The lower esophageal sphincter closes off the esophagus from the stomach.<\/p>\n<p>The small intestine measure in a cadaver to eighteen to twenty feet long. \u00a0 It is divided into three sections (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum).\u00a0 The duodenum is the only fixed portion.\u00a0 It measures 2&#8243; x 12&#8243;.\u00a0 The jejunum has a thicker wall and has a greater diameter than the ileum.\u00a0 The longest part of the small intestines is the ileum.<\/p>\n<p>Mesentery is a fold of membrane which holds the stomach to the intestine so that it stays in place.\u00a0 It contains a network of blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels.\u00a0 Scientists are trying to decide if it should be consider an organ.\u00a0 The greater omentum is a layer of fat which purpose is to prevent the peritoneal surface from being harmed, store fat, and decrease any infection spreading to the peritoneal cavity.<\/p>\n<p>Within the intestines there are three ways to increase absorption of nutrients\u00a0 which are via microrvilli, villi, and plicae circulares.\u00a0 Plicae circulares is a circular fold within the intestinal lining.\u00a0 The villi are fingerlike folds which are found within the intestinal lining.\u00a0 In addition, microvilli are fine extensions of individual columnar cells (at free surface) which increase surface area.<\/p>\n<p>The Intestinal glands (found in the mucous lining between adjacent villi) secrete a watery fluid to aid in absorption.\u00a0 The Brunner&#8217;s glands (in proximal part of duodenum) secrete a viscid, alkaline mucus.<\/p>\n<p>Microvilli secretes sucrase (which breaks down sucrose), peptidase (which breaks down protein), lactase (which breaks down lactose), and lipase (which breaks down triglycerides &#8220;fat&#8221;).<\/p>\n<p>Absorption in the small intestine takes place via facilitated diffusion, active transport or simple diffusion.\u00a0 Carbohydrates are absorbed via active transport or facilitated diffusion, proteins via active transport, and lipids via simple diffusion.<\/p>\n<p>Lipids have two methods which are used to be absorb in the small intestines.\u00a0 Micelles which are created by bile salt are lipid sphere which are formed in an aqueous solution.\u00a0 They make it possible for lipase to do job.\u00a0 It helps to cleanse the system.\u00a0 Chylomicrons have lipoprotein coating which aids in the absorption into the blood.\u00a0 Typically there are vitamins and proteins present in chylomicrons.<\/p>\n<p>The large intestine&#8217;s main function is to absorb water and electrolytes.\u00a0 The colon consists of the ascending, transverse, descending sigmoid.<\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"384\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/en\/reference\/anatomy\/intestine\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/intestine.png?fit=1024%2C819&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1024,819\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Intestine\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/intestine.png?fit=1024%2C819&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-384\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/intestine.png?resize=1024%2C819&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Intestine.png\" width=\"1024\" height=\"819\" \/><\/p>\n<p>The cecum is\u00a0 the blind pouch found at the junction of the large and small intestines.\u00a0 It is considered the first place in the large intestines.\u00a0 The appendix\/vermiform is located on the lower right of the abdomen.\u00a0 The ileocecal valve is a sphincter muscle valve which located between the ileum and cecum. Approximately two liters of liquid enter the valve via the ileocecal valve.<\/p>\n<p>The tenia coli is three muscle bands found in the wall of the colon.\u00a0 Haustra are pouches which are formed as the result of tenia coli.\u00a0 Information on this will be at the end.<\/p>\n<p>Epiploic appendage are small pouches in the peritoneum which are filled with fat.\u00a0 Within the colon,\u00a0 there are numerous mucous cells.\u00a0 Bacteria can be found within the colon.\u00a0 It breaks down cellulose for energy (A carbohydrate and synthesize vitamin K, B12, Thiamine, and Riboflavin).<\/p>\n<p>Colostomy is a surgical procedure in which the a hole is created to bring the large intestine out of the body so that the stoma can drain into a bag.\u00a0 Diarrhea (peristaltic rush) is the condition where one has three or more bowel movements per day.\u00a0 It usually lasts a few days and disappears as quickly as it comes.\u00a0 Dysentery is an infection in the intestine which causes the passage of bloody stools.\u00a0 It can be caused by a parasite or bacteria.<\/p>\n<p>There are four types of symbiosis: \u00a0<a class=\"SetPageTerm-definitionText\"><span class=\"TermText notranslate lang-en\">Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism, and Amensalism<\/span><\/a>.\u00a0 Commensalism is called mess mates.\u00a0 It is where one organism receives benefits from another without it affecting the other either way.\u00a0 Mutualism is when both benefit from their association.\u00a0 Parasitism is when the parasite harms the host.\u00a0 Amensalism is very rare.\u00a0 It occurs when where organism may not receive show any direct benefit from the relationship.<\/p>\n<p>Taenia saginata is a beef tapeworm while Taenia solium is a pork tapeworm.\u00a0 In addition, Ascaris lumbricoides is roundworm. Diphyllobothrium latum is a fish eating mammal.\u00a0 Broad fish tapeworm can reach up to 60 feet long.\u00a0 It is a intestinal parasite which absorbs vitamin B12 from its host.\u00a0 Entamoeba histolvtic is an intestinal parasite which causes &#8220;Amoebic Dysentery&#8221;.\u00a0 Entamoeba gingivalis is commensal of gums.\u00a0 It lives in a person&#8217;s mouth and reproduces asexually.\u00a0 Giardia intestinalis is a parasite of the small intestines which causes &#8220;Giadiasis&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p>Cirrhosis is caused by fatty liver and\/or too much alcohol.\u00a0 Hepatitis A, B, C, D is of the liver.\u00a0 A and B predominately from dirty food or dishes.\u00a0 C and D can be found with semen.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align:center\">Blood<\/h3>\n<p>The average blood volume of human beings is about 5 liters.\u00a0 Blood consists of cells, proteins, oxygen, and nutrients in addition to other components. \u00a0Hematocrit is made up of plasma, erythrocyte, leukocytes, and thrombocytes.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin:0;color:#3d596d;font-family:'Georgia', 'serif'\">Plasma makes up 55% of total blood volume.\u00a0 It makes up half of the bloods volume.\u00a0 It is ninety percent water with 10% being\u00a0proteins, minerals, waste products, clotting factors, hormones, and immunoglobin.\u00a0 It is separated from the rest of blood through centrifuge.\u00a0 Erythrocyte (red blood cells) is stored in the spleen.\u00a0 It is a biconcave disk which doesn&#8217;t contain a nucleus and lives on about 120 days.\u00a0 It transport oxygen and carbon dioxide maintain normal acid base balance.\u00a0 The aged RBCs are devoured macrophages which are found in the liver and the spleen.\u00a0 Leukocytes account for about one percent of blood.\u00a0 They aid in protection from outside environs such as illness and disease.\u00a0 They are also called white blood cells. \u00a0 Another name for thrombocytes is platlets and aid in blood clotting.\u00a0 They are anucleated cell fragments. \u00a0<\/span>Buffy Coat is the white layer of white blood cells and platlets once blood has been centrifuged.\u00a0 They are in the middle between plasma and red blood cells.<\/p>\n<p>Hemoglobin which is a protein molecule carries oxygen from the lungs to human tissue then eventually returns it to the lungs.\u00a0 It is made up of four protein molecules which in the adult human has two alpha-globulin chains and two beta-globulin chains.\u00a0 It helps to maintain the shape of red blood cells.\u00a0 It makes up one third of the RBCs.\u00a0 It is about 7.5 microns in diameter and 2.5 micron in thickness.\u00a0 It can not be reproduced and is anucleated.<\/p>\n<p>What is the life cycle of an erythrocyte?\u00a0 Hematopoiesis is the process from the birth of the cell to the end.\u00a0 It goes on throughout a person life from conception to death.\u00a0 The stages are:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>hemocytoblast &#8211; is the stem cell which produces the red blood cell and can be found in the red blood marrow.<\/li>\n<li>erythroblast &#8211; an immature red blood cell which has a nucleus.<\/li>\n<li>reticulocyte &#8211; a young red blood cell which contain basophilic cytoplasmic network.\u00a0 It develops into the erythrocyte.<\/li>\n<li>Erythrocyte is the mature red blood cell.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Erythropoietin is a hormone which is produced by the kidneys (and liver to a lesser degree) in response to decreased oxygen.\u00a0 It stimulates the red bone marrow to produce red blood cells.\u00a0 Erythropoietin is also called epo.<\/p>\n<p>Destruction of &#8220;Dead&#8221; Red blood cells<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Phagocytosis is done by the Kuffer cells which star shaped and found within the liver.<\/li>\n<li>Breakdown of Hemogloblin is the process by which hemoglobin degrades RBCs into smaller components.<\/li>\n<li>Ferritin is iron which is stored in the liver<\/li>\n<li>Bile pigments &#8211; biliverdin and bilirubin<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"513\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/en\/reference\/anatomy\/illustration-of-blood-cells-showing-an-eosinophil-neutrophil-basophil-f3h8f4\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/illustration-of-blood-cells-showing-an-eosinophil-neutrophil-basophil-f3h8f4.jpg?fit=1300%2C1127&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1300,1127\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"illustration-of-blood-cells-showing-an-eosinophil-neutrophil-basophil-F3H8F4\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/illustration-of-blood-cells-showing-an-eosinophil-neutrophil-basophil-f3h8f4.jpg?fit=1024%2C888&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-513\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/illustration-of-blood-cells-showing-an-eosinophil-neutrophil-basophil-f3h8f4.jpg?resize=1300%2C1127&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"illustration-of-blood-cells-showing-an-eosinophil-neutrophil-basophil-F3H8F4\" width=\"1300\" height=\"1127\" \/><\/p>\n<p>White Blood Cells<\/p>\n<p>There are five types of white blood cells.<\/p>\n<p>1.<span style=\"font:7pt 'Times New Roman';margin:0\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>Neutrophils 60-70%; 2-5 nucleus lobes; pale lilac granules; its nickname is PMN (polymorphonuclear leukocytes); bacterial infection, burns, stress, inflammation<br \/>\n2.<span style=\"font:7pt 'Times New Roman';margin:0\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>Lymphocytes\u00a0 20-25%; dark purple indented nucleus; sky blue cytoplasm; 2 sizes small &amp; large; viral infection and leukemia<br \/>\n3.<span style=\"font:7pt 'Times New Roman';margin:0\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>Monocytes\u00a0 3-8%; kidney shaped nucleus; blue gray foamy cytoplasm; viral and fungal infections, tuberculosis, chronic diseases, leukemia<br \/>\n4.<span style=\"font:7pt 'Times New Roman';margin:0\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>Eosinophils 2-4%; 2-3 nucleus lobes; red-orange granules\u00a0 Eosino means red orange; allergic reaction, parasite infection, autoimmune disease<br \/>\n5.<span style=\"font:7pt 'Times New Roman';margin:0\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>Basophils .5-1.0%; commonly obscured 2 lobed nucleus by blue-purple granules\u00a0 Baso means blue; allergic reaction, cancers, leukemia, and hypothyroidism<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">Lymphatic System<\/p>\n<p>The lymphatic system has lymph nodes are located:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Submandibular<\/li>\n<li>Cervical<\/li>\n<li>Axillary<\/li>\n<li>Mammary<\/li>\n<li>Intestinal<\/li>\n<li>Illiac<\/li>\n<li>Inguinal<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>The lymphatic trunks are areas are:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Lumbar (left and right) which drain the lower limbs, pelvis, kidneys, and adrenal glands<\/li>\n<li>Intestinal:\u00a0 stomach, pancreas, spleen, and liver<\/li>\n<li>Bronchomediastinal (left and right) which drain lungs and heart<\/li>\n<li>Subclavian (left and right) which drains the upper limbs<\/li>\n<li>Jugular (left and right) which drains the head and neck<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>The two lymphatic ducts are the thoracic duct and the right duct.\u00a0 The thoracic duct drains the majority of the trunks which are lumbar trunk (left and right), the intestinal trunk, bronchomediastinal (left), subclavian trunk (left), and the left jugular.\u00a0 The right duct drains the right bronchomediastinal, the right subclavian, and the right jugular trunks.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Brain &amp; Cranial Nerves The nervous system consists of the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). Afferent:\u00a0 Sensory, carries impulses to the CNS.\u00a0 Conveying toward the center.\u00a0 Carrying inward to a central organ (eg brain) or section, as nerves that conduct impulses from periphery of the body to the brain or spinal [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":132804860,"featured_media":408,"parent":73,"menu_order":3,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-110","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/P9vUsN-1M","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":12879,"url":"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/en\/about\/the-ledger\/formation\/learning-study\/","url_meta":{"origin":110,"position":0},"title":"Learning &#038; Study","author":"myallaboutyou","date":"February 28, 2026","format":false,"excerpt":"The pursuit of knowledge is a lifelong commitment to intellectual stewardship. In this space, we document the disciplined acquisition of new skills \u2014 from the rigorous study of foreign languages and classical texts to the technical analysis required for professional development. These entries serve as a record of academic and\u2026","rel":"","context":"Similar post","block_context":{"text":"Similar post","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"A close-up photograph capturing an intricate and unified array of handcrafted objects and study materials arranged thoughtfully on a heavy, textured walnut wooden workbench. The setting is defined by traditional Hispanic architecture, featuring a tall, arched window with thick, carved dark wood muntins that frames a glimpse of a central adobe courtyard with a tiled fountain and potted bougainvillea. 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Soft warm daylight illuminates the diverse textures.","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/The-Courtyard-Ledger-Unified-Reflections-on-Memory-and-Whimsy.png?fit=1200%2C655&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/The-Courtyard-Ledger-Unified-Reflections-on-Memory-and-Whimsy.png?fit=1200%2C655&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/The-Courtyard-Ledger-Unified-Reflections-on-Memory-and-Whimsy.png?fit=1200%2C655&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/The-Courtyard-Ledger-Unified-Reflections-on-Memory-and-Whimsy.png?fit=1200%2C655&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/The-Courtyard-Ledger-Unified-Reflections-on-Memory-and-Whimsy.png?fit=1200%2C655&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":111,"url":"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/en\/reference\/nursing-2\/diet-nutrition\/","url_meta":{"origin":110,"position":1},"title":"Diet &amp; Nutrition","author":"myallaboutyou","date":"January 12, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"Part of this class is service work. Beginning next week we will meet with various places to find which company has a need which works with Diet & Nutrition. Daily needs requirement 2600 kcal\/day 85 grams of fat 60 grams of proteins 250 grams of carbohydrates 240 milligrams cholesterol 30\u2026","rel":"","context":"With 2 comments","block_context":{"text":"With 2 comments","link":"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/en\/reference\/nursing-2\/diet-nutrition\/#comments"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pexels-photo-2684260.jpeg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pexels-photo-2684260.jpeg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pexels-photo-2684260.jpeg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pexels-photo-2684260.jpeg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pexels-photo-2684260.jpeg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":535,"url":"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/en\/reference\/microbiology-lab-231\/microbiology-lab-231-study-guides\/","url_meta":{"origin":110,"position":2},"title":"Microbiology Lab Study Guides","author":"myallaboutyou","date":"July 21, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 \u00a0Study Guide Examination 2 Technique used for pure culture isolation? Streak-Plate method Pure Plate method Both involve diluting the bacteria in a sample to an end point where a single cell divides that gives rise to a pure colony. Explain the purpose of staining microorganisms. 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The posts below explore planning structures, workflow design, and practical tools developed to bring clarity to home, study, and professional responsibilities. Each resource is explained here in principle and application, while full versions and\u2026","rel":"","context":"Similar post","block_context":{"text":"Similar post","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"Organized wooden desk workspace with an open planner, tablet, smartphone, coffee cup, and desk accessories arranged in natural light.","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Digital-Planning-Workspace-%E2%80%93-Structured-Systems-in-Practice.png?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Digital-Planning-Workspace-%E2%80%93-Structured-Systems-in-Practice.png?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Digital-Planning-Workspace-%E2%80%93-Structured-Systems-in-Practice.png?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Digital-Planning-Workspace-%E2%80%93-Structured-Systems-in-Practice.png?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Digital-Planning-Workspace-%E2%80%93-Structured-Systems-in-Practice.png?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":172,"url":"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/en\/what-do-i-have-to-give\/websites\/","url_meta":{"origin":110,"position":5},"title":"Essential Sites for Inspiration &amp; News","author":"myallaboutyou","date":"November 2, 2024","format":false,"excerpt":"The content lists various Catholic resources and organizations, including Catholic Online, Good Catholic, and EWTN. It highlights items such as chaplets, rosaries, and litanies, and mentions the National Shrine of Divine Mercy, Shalom World, Sensus Traditionis, and the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB).","rel":"","context":"Similar post","block_context":{"text":"Similar post","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image-9.png?fit=1024%2C768&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image-9.png?fit=1024%2C768&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image-9.png?fit=1024%2C768&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-all-about-you.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image-9.png?fit=1024%2C768&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/110","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/132804860"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=110"}],"version-history":[{"count":24,"href":"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/110\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9272,"href":"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/110\/revisions\/9272"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/73"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/408"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/my-all-about-you.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=110"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}